and hygiene are indorsed by the text-book committee of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union is given approximately as follows:1

In 1885 five state laws having been enacted, Miss Frances E. Willard, president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, in reply to the question, published the statement that "any indorsement of scientific text-books for the temperance education contemplated by Mrs. Hunt's department must have her signature to be satisfactory to the National W. C. T. U. (Italics are ours.) No law required an indorsement. No law mentioned this organization.

This year the first text-books appeared indorsed by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

Two years later, 1887, a petition to publishers of text-books was issued, with over 200 signatures of distinguished statesmen, doctors of divinity and medicine, scientists, educators, members of boards of health, presidents of colleges, editors, etc. This petition is of special interest because it was promptly adopted by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union as its standard for school physiologies. After enumerating criticisms upon publications which the Union refused to indorse, the petition continues:

Therefore the undersigned . . . . do make respectful and earnest appeal to all publishers of text-books on this subject to revise their publications to conform to the latest results of scientific enquiry,' and to meet the term and spirit of these statutes in making the temperance matter the chief and not the subordinate topic in these books, so that public and authorized expressions of approval and indorsement of all such books can be issued and given wide circulation.

In urging this appeal we beg leave to represent that if this new education is to give the world a coming generation of total abstainers, as we expect, its manuals of instruction must conform to the following specifications:

Ist. They must teach with no uncertain sound the proven findings of science, viz.:

(a) That alcohol is a dangerous and seductive poison.

(b) That beer, wine and cider contain this same alcohol, thus making them dangerous drinks, to be avoided, and that they are products of a fermentation that changes a food to a poison.3

1 By Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, Life Member of the National Education Association, World's and National Superintendent of Scientific Temperance Instruction of the W. C. T. U., in An Epoch of the Nineteenth Century, 1897.

2 All italics in this petition are ours.-Com.

3 Among the common people since ancient times the following syllogism has obtained: Grain is food. Beer and waste come from the grain. There is no food in the waste; therefore it must be in the beer. Beer is liquid bread.

(c) That it is the nature of any liquor containing alcohol to create an appetite for more, which is so apt to become uncontrollable that the strongest warning should be urged against taking that little and thus forming the appetite.

2d. They must teach also the effect of these upon the human system, that is, upon the whole being-mental, moral and physical. The appalling effects of drinking habits upon the citizenship of the nation, the degradation and crime resulting, demand that instruction here should give clear and emphatic utterance to the solemn warnings of science on this subject.

3d. This instruction must be as well graded to the capacities of each class of pupils as the modern school readers are. A book fit for high schools put into primary or intermediate classes will make the study a failure there. Truth is just as true and as scientific when told in easy words as when put into skilled technicalities the child cannot understand.

4th. This is not a physiological but a temperance movement. In all grades below the high school this instruction should contain only physiology enough to make the hygiene of temperance and other laws of health intelligible. Temperance should be the chief and not the subordinate topic, and should occupy at least one-fourth the space in text-books for these grades. As only a small portion of the pupils in our public schools attend high schools, and vast numbers leave with the primary, this instruction should be early and ample. It is not desirable to have a separate book for the physiology heretofore studied in the high school or to limit the amount, but at least twenty pages out of that ordinarily required should be given to the question of the danger of alcoholic drinks and other narcotics, in a text-book for these classes.

5th. This effort to disabuse the minds of the rising generation of fallacies which lead to drink habits should purposely avoid reference to the medical use of alcohol, except to state that as by common consent its lay prescription is condemned, the question of its use as a remedy may properly be relegated to medical treatises, as out of place and misleading in a school text-book.

Lacking in any of these points, a text-book on scientific temperance is incomplete, and the use in the schools of such a book will not result in a strong temperance sentiment among the pupils using it.

Because the question of total abstinence for the children of this country, and therefore of their well-being and that of the land soon to be governed by them, depends so largely upon the teachings in these books, we make this appeal.

This standard for text-books omits many aspects of hygiene. Its intentness upon alcoholic and narcotic habits, and its statement that "temperance should be the chief and not the subordinate topic" was at that time felt necessary in order to impress publishers who were bent upon another course.

That statement seems unreasonable now with our present familiarity with the ideas thus launched of teaching hygiene based on the latest science, of text-books in hygiene graded from primary

to high school, and of temperance instruction. That it was not meant literally 20 years ago is shown by the accompanying statements that only 20 pages of high-school text-books, i. e., onefifteenth or one-twentieth of their space should be given to temperance, and one-fourth of text-books for lower grades, leaving a generous "chief" portion for instruction in other hygiene.

This standard was another step toward securing the spirit as well as letter of the new laws, and the topics of physiology and hygiene, as well as temperance, since 1882 have received more attention than authors and publishers (or even the medical profession) ever before gave them, with special reference to the preparation of text-books for all ages, having accurate and practical con

tents.

Soon after 1887 a committee was chosen, from the signers of this petition, to examine and indorse books which the Woman's Christian Temperance Union could recommend. Publishers, with an eye to sales, requested this committee to allow the printing of this indorsement in the books. No money has ever been asked or received for this indorsement, it is stated.

Thus we find that by the local influence of hundreds of thousands of members of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, exerted on school authorities, the majority of physiologies now in use bear its indorsement. If the American Medical Association should indorse other books conforming to the legal requirements of a state, and should in that state exert greater influence upon public and official sentiment, according to the law of force, it must prevail. It is a question of influence, not of law.

A Study of Common School Text-books in Physiology and Hygiene, 1883-1904.

The text-books like the laws can be more intelligently appreciated if examined as an evolution.

Appendix B, page 40, gives the titles of 73 text-books on physiology and hygiene published since 1882 for pupils in high and elementary schools: 35 "indorsed," 35 not indorsed, and 3 laboratory books. There are also 22 revised editions, 16 indorsed and 6 not, making a total of 93' volumes examined. The list contains all indorsed books; but not all others published in the

1 Two revisions are also counted as "books," the first editions not having been seen.

22 years, and includes all found in eight of the best New England collections.'

INDORSED PHYSIOLOGIES.

That the majority of text-books used bear the indorsement of the Text-book Committee of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union has been discussed in the pages immediately preceding.

Of the 35 indorsed physiologies there are 10 series graded for different ages, and two single books for high schools. Three series contain 2 volumes each; 3 contain 3 volumes each; 2 series contain 4, and 2 others contain 5 volumes each. Of this last group is the "New Century Series," just issued. After a brief glance over the evolution it will be instructive to discuss this series, the latest phase of the evolution and supposedly its best. The Evolution.

The title of the first series (1885) is suggestive of the spirit in which it was ventured,-" Pathfinder Series." It recalls to mind that from the days of Horace Mann, and to a less degree during a half century before, there had been desultory efforts to have hygiene taught in common schools, accompanied by practically unanimous dissatisfaction with text-books. The literature of the times gives us some of the reasons for this dissatisfaction.

1. The books had too much anatomy particularly; also too much physiology, and very little or no hygiene.

2. They were too technical even for pupils in academies, and savored too much of the profession of medicine.

3. They were wholly unadapted to the great majority of children in elementary grades.

4. Another criticism appearing shortly before the first laws was that illustrations and experiments were lacking, and that scientific statements mean little to the pupil. It was partly in response to this that a few zealous instructors aroused the disapprobation not only of anti-vivisectionists but of the majority of thinking men and women.

5. Some writers had courage to assert that teachers were not well enough informed to handle the subject properly.

1 Two private libraries, and those of Harvard and Brown Universities, the libraries of the public school departments (including normal schools) of Boston and Providence, also their two public libraries.

* See Appendix C, page 57.

For these and other reasons many argued-there are hosts of parallel non sequiturs-that children cannot be taught physiology and hygiene. The idea is not yet wholly outgrown,

This lack of text-books, and of instructors trained for this teaching, together with general public indifference, maintained a vicious circle of inefficiency, from which the first indorsed series of four graded volumes was radical departure to find a path by which the truths of science can be adapted to children's minds; in which hygiene shall have a larger share, and in which temperance shall be taught on a physiologic basis.

The volumes for primary, intermediate, and higher grammar grades were anonymous and were distinctly experiments. Four such books attempted during the preceding half century had proved quite "impossible." The voucher for the intermediate volume was Professor Palmer, Doctor of Laws and of Medicine, Dean of the Medical Department of the University of Michigan.

The author of the high school volume was Joel Dorman Steele, Doctor of Philosophy, a progressive educator whose numerous text-books had done more than any others at that time to popularize history and science. Some of them in revised editions are still in the schools; and the Federal government, as well as a few school authorities in the states, continue his physiology.

From this to the "New Century Series," through the several series and their revisions, progressive features are noted whose evolution was due to various influences, chiefly the growth of hygiene itself, the criticisms of teachers, physicians and scientists, and the committee of indorsement representing a definite public demand.

To be judged by the best.

The teaching of hygiene and temperance on a physiologic basis should not be judged by averages alone. Too many factors of politics, commercialism, society, pedagogy, and individualities create these averages. Such factors should be estimated in any study of the institution.

Also, in this subject at this period, averages cannot be ascertained with sufficient degree of accuracy to have weight, particularly if made up from a mass of personal opinions. Two commit