Slavs, blood-feud and covenant, 98, 99 | Stoning, to avoid bloodshed, 73, 74
Sleep, savage theory of, 44
Snail, as totem, 153
Snake, the genius of Ti. Gracchus, 186; deceased appears as, 303 Social Obligation and taboo, 87, 88 Society, its earliest form, 96, 97, 99 Soil, of sacred places taboo, 63, 64; tabooed by blood, 73, 74; by new- born children, 75, 76; of taboo places taboo, 136
Solar year, unknown to Indo-Europeans,
228 Solomon, 224 Solon, 305, 334 Solstices, 227-8 Soma, 310, 311
Sorcerer, and priests, 24, 35; misuse of the word, 106; confused with priest, 289; distinction, 289 ff. Sorrow, doll of, 49
Soul, man may have several, 44; departs from body in sickness and sleep, 44; may be made to return, 45, 46; hole left in tomb to facilitate return, 50; existence of, denied by Buddha, 318; the child of earth and starry sky, 321. See Spirits, Transmigration
Soumoo Indians, mourning, 79 Spartans, scourging as blood-offering,
Species, not the individual, worshipped as totem, 211, 212 Spirit, the Holy, 284
Spirits, not necessarily supernatural,
23; various names for, 43; friendly relations with, 54; to be dis- tinguished from supernatural spirits, 55; unattached, how worshipped, 173, 174; such worship disloyal to clan-god, 177; familiar, 187 ; human and supernatural, 189; how the former come to have supernatural powers, 196; not all supernatural, 395. See Family Gods, Gods, Guardian Spirits, Soul Spiritual regeneration and morality, 343 ff.
Spiritualism, 343
Srahmantin, 164, 174
State, does not exist in early times,
54; first appears in the collective action of a totem-clan, 109 State-cults, confined to citizens, 359 Sterculinus, 246
Stoics, on myths, 267
Stones, their worship" secondary on altar-worship, 139 ff.; and has mis- led students, 141; incorporated into higher religions, 142; suppressed by them, 142, 143
the mode of killing adopted to distribute the guilt equally, 255; the divine victim, to divide responsi- bility, 292
Storks, revered by the Thessalians,
Story-telling, how it arose, 258 Strangers enemies, 54, 327 Strangers, tabooed but not inherently taboo, 71
Streams, sacred, 237, 242. Sce Water- spirits
Struggle for existence, man's physical inferiority to animals in, 15; his consequent development of the in- tellectual faculties, 21; how religion aided him, 21
Suahili, ordination, 288 Subsistence, artificial and natural basis of, 113
Substitutes for blood, 52, 53 Sudra caste, mutilation, 170 Suhman, how it differs from other
deities, 165, 167; modelled on idol, 169, 175; sacrifice offered to it, 183 Suicide, of divine kings, 279 ff. Súlagava sacrifice, 146, 149 Sumatra, tiger's name taboo, 61; sacred
trees, 208; divine kings, 275; may not be seen by taboo persons, 69; agriculturist's dependence on, 228; rites used in worship of, 229, 230; horses sacrificed to, ib.; fires as offerings to, 231-2; myths about his movements, 261
Sun, as next world, 298; disappears below ground, 306; hence belief in a happy western world, 307-8; rest. ing-place for the departed, 310. See Heavenly bodies Sun-charms, 232 Sunday, 65, 66 Sun-god, 128
Supernatural, interference with laws of nature, 18-23, 55; man believed in the, from the first, 15, 18 ff.; endeavoured to establish relations with it, 20 ff.; regarded it as a spirit having affinity with his own, 21; but not all spirits supernatural, 23; man seeks to locate the s., 23; s. power originally purely negative, 23; only manifests itself later in natural phenomena, 24; its positive and negative aspects, 25; man does not believe himself to possess super- natural powers, 26; familiar se- quences not regarded as supernatural, 26, 41; belief in, distinct from fear or gratitude, 41; usually combined with animism, ib. ; man's relations
to the s., 42; he does not attempt to coerce it, ib.; but to ally himself with it, 43; sentiment of, distinct from taboo-terror, 137; supernatural beings, three kinds of, 173; super- natural powers exercised by trees and plants, 206; distinction between supernatural and the natural always known to man, 395; man seeks it in external nature, 408, 411, 413 Supernatural Selection in mythology, 265-6; in the taboos laid on the priesthood, 272
Superstitious Man, anoints stones, 143 Surinam, blood-covenant, 98 Surrogate. See Substitute
Survival, of the fittest not usually survival of the best, 394-5; theory of, essentially negative, 399 Survival theory, 297 ff.
Survivals, in religion are rites from which the religious element has departed, 232 Suspension-burial, 204 Swan-maiden tales, 259
Swearing, origin and meaning of, 64 Sweeping house sweeps out spirits, 48 Swine, reluctance to feed on, 118 Symbolism, inadequate to account for animal-worship, 124; inadequate to explain royal and priestly taboos, 272; applied to purificatory rites in the private mysteries, 348 Sympathetic Magic, not supposed, by those who use it, to produce super- natural effects, 25-7; fatal to pro- gress, 33; instances of, 35; simply the applied science of the savage, 35; and taboo, 90; not the explana- tion of fire festivals, 232-3 Syncretism, implies synoikismos, 235, and facilitates it, ib.; when im- possible, 238; gives rise to myths, 255 ff.; in monotheism, 390-2, 393-4; facilitated by absence of names of gods, 391-2
Synoikismos, 123; involves syncretism, 234; inconsistent with monotheism, 315; does not always produce poly- theism, 391
Syria (the country), 186 Syria (the island), 313
TABLETS, Pythagorean, 320-1 Taboo, on mourners does not exclude love of dead, 57, 58; meaning of "taboo," 59; transmissibility of, 59-68; conveyed by sight, 59, 60; by hearing, 60, 61; by things "unclean," 62; by things "holy,'
62; by persons, 62, 63; by holy places, 63; by the soil, 63, 64; infects time, 65, 67; raiment, 66, 67; transmissibility due to Associa- tion of Ideas, 67, not to belief either in material pollution or supernatural influence, 68; things taboo and things tabooed, 69; food not taboo, 69; criminals and the sick tabooed, 70; persons and things in which a supernatural spirit dwells tabooed, 71; property and wives tabooed, 71; taboo extended from species to genus, 71, 72; blood, inherently taboo, 73, 74; new-born children, ditto, 75, 76; their mothers, ditto, 74, 75; corpses, ditto, 76-80; ex- planations of, 82-85; not a piece of state-craft, 82; nor a purely religious observance, 82, 83; nor merely the transmission of (loathed) qualities, 83, 84; consequences of breaking taboo, 84; taboo categorical not hypothetical, 84, 85; a "primitive" sentiment, 85; difference between things taboo and things dangerous, 85; taboo prior to and contradictory of experience, 85; not specifically moral, social, or religious, 86; simply ="thou shalt not," 86, 87; essential to morality, 87; and to sense of Social Obligation, 87, 88; for it made Private and General Good coincide, 88; evolution of taboo not always beneficent, 88, 89; its growth rapid and fatal, 89; not checked automatically by Uncon- scious Utilitarianism, 90; action of taboo mechanical and irrational, 91; rationalised by religion, 92, and a process of Supernatural Selection, 93-5; taboo taken up into totem- ism, 109; on flesh of totem, 117; colours taboo, 136, 349; places, ib.; terror purely negative, 137; imposed on those about to communicate, 155; source of charms or amulets, 178; infection communicated by the hair, 194; on tree and plant totems as food, 222-3; in myths and fairy tales, 259; uniformly laid on priests, 271-2; imposed upon divine priest- kings, 275 ff.; differentiates the two offices, 276-8; source of the ideas of holiness and uncleanness, 296; taboo of silence in the Eleusinia, 361, 380 Tacullis, 299 Tahbi, 163
Tahiti, chiefs taboo, 62; mourners taboo, 69, and may not feed them- selves, 70; sickness due to sin, 111; blood-offerings to the dead, 191
Talismans, 323
Tamarind, as totem, 210 Tamehameha, tabooed mine, 72
Tammaraca, 184 Tando, 239
Tinnevelly, worship of evil spirits,
a diamond Tirol, mode of conveying corpse, 50;
Tanna, corpse painted red, 52; food not to be offered with bare hands, 70; paint for blood, 191-2 Tartars, sacrificial meal, 149, 158; sacrament, 219, 222; grand Lamas, 275; kings differentiated from priests, 278
Tasmanians (extinct), name of dead taboo, 61
Tattooing, its origin, 172; condition of entering paradise, 173; marks choice of a guardian spirit, 182; forbidden to the Hebrews, 193; in ordination, 288 Tcharnican, 219
Tehuantepec, choice of individual totem, 185
Tehuelche, sacrificial meal,
sacrifices to the dead, 196
Temples, origin of, 135, 237
Tenger Mountains. See Java
Tenure of priestly office, 270-1 Teraphim, 186
Teutons, birth-trees, 207; their May. pole, 208
Thebes (Greece), 255-7, 304
Thebes (Egypt), 309
corpse taboo, 76
Tiryns, 2561
Titans, 350 ff.; myth, 355-6 Tlalnepautla, 142 Tlalocan, 299 Tlalocs, 217 Tmu, 384
Todas, sacrifice, 156
Tombstones, carved in totem form, 103
Tonga, king's glance taboos what it lights on, 64; mutilation, 170; blood-offerings to the dead, 192; first-fruits, 223; priests, 287; happy other-world, 308
Tonquinese, cover dying man's face with a cloth, 50; funeral feasts, 51 Tonsure, 1712
Tooitonga. See Tuitonga Topantunuasu. Sec Celebes Torch-rite, 365, 378 Torres Strait, 306
Totemism, has its origin in the tribal stage of society, 96, 97; based upon the blood-covenant, 97, 98; and the division of things into natural kinds, 99, 100; with which clans can have blood-feuds and blood-covenants, 100; a totem always a species, never an individual, 101; its life respected, as the life of a clansman, 102; buried, when dead, ib.; totemist wears a totem-dress, 102, 103, es- pecially at great crises, 103; rejoins the totem at death, ib.; men de- scended from totem ancestor, 104; the totem a god, 104, 105; killing a clansman killing the god, 107; loyalty to the totem-god, 107, 108; totem-clan a religious community, 109. Survivals of T., 113-29: domestication of animals and plants, 113-21; in Egypt, 121-3; Greece, 125, 126; amongst the Semites, 127-9; totemism world- wide, 117; based on blood-relation- ship, 139; the totem taboo as food, yet eaten, 154; totemism in pastoral and prepastoral times, 155; dates from before pastoral times, 156; clansman reunited to totem in death, 173, 303; individual totems, 182 ff., 185. Tree and Plant Totems, 206-25: one individual appropri ates the worship accorded originally to the whole species, 208; worship no longer confined to the clan, ib.; tree-totem anthropomorphised, 208-9; clan names itself after
totem, 209; branch or plant carried in (sacramental) procession, ib.; dead buried in totem-tree, 210; tree appears in marriage-rite, ib.; plant-totems the source of domesti- cated plants, 210 ff.; plant-totems preserved, for their supernatural protection, from one year to the next, 211; and worshipped, 212; plant - totem anthropomorphised, 213; plant furnishes the sacramental meal, 214; seeds eaten simpliciter, 214, 215; made into a dough-doll, 215-6; use of dough-dolls spreads to non-cereal deities, 216; wafers take the place of the dolls, 218-9; blood extended from animal to plant- totems, 219, 220; two modes of communion with tree-totems, 220, by eating, ib.; and by incorporation of the worshipper with the object of his worship, 220-2; survival of original taboo on plant-totems as food, 222-3; importation into religion of the conception of "pro- perty,' 223-4; consequent "gift theory" of sacrifice, 224-5; degrada. tion of religion, 224; erroneous views of history of religion, 225; totem-gods absorbed by syncretism, 236; sex-totems, 239; how totem- gods were affected by polytheism, 242-3, 249; totemism, in India, 317; under what conditions alone it results in metempsychosis, 314-5; in Egypt in Græco-Roman times, 316; passes into polytheism, 395; the earliest form of religion known to science may be a relapse from an earlier and purer form, 395; totem- sacrifice aims at the union of man with the divine, 411-2; presupposes a previous stage in religious develop- ment, 413; a form of monotheism, ib. Totonacs, dough and blood, 219 Tragedy, 352 Τράγοι, 351
Transformation, of men into beasts, amongst Jacoons, Bushmans, in Kirchhain, 16, 251, 253, 257, 259; posthumous transformation into totem-animal, 314-5, 325-6 Transformation Conflict, 355 ff. Transmigration of Souls, 314-26; totemism does not always result in, 314; conditions under which alone it does so result, 315; in Egypt, 315-7; in India, 317-20; Buddhist revolt against Brahminist transmi- gration, 318-9; differences between Egyptian and Indian doctrines, 319, 320; Pythagoreanism, 320 ff.; its
difference from the Indian doctrine, 321; its resemblances to the Egyp tian, 322-3; its slight attachment to native Greek beliefs, 323-4; impossibility of its being native, 324-5; elements of the belief in a future state, 325; why their synthesis before 600 B.C. was un- satisfactory to the religious con- sciousness, 326
Travancore. See Veddahs Trees, as totems, 207; dead buried in, 210; in marriage-rites, 210; human figure attached to, 215-6, 255; rags tied on, 221; hung with fruits (syncretism), 235; sacred, 242; clothed in human dress, 252 Tree-burial, 204, 210 Tree-gods, present in "lots," 289 Trenches, offerings made in, 51, 52 Triangle, totemistic, 127 ff. Tronis, blood-offerings, 52 Troy, 304
Tscheremiss, feast the dead, 51; sacrificial meal, 150 Tscherkess, funeral feasts, 51; mutila- tion, 170
Tschuwasch, funeral feasts, 51 Tshi-speaking peoples, tempt the soul of the deceased to return, 45; funeral lamentations, 47; purify mourners, 57; vessels taboo, 63; eat fetish, 64; taboo-days, 65; taboo colours, 67; mother unclean after child- birth, 74, 75; purified, 75, 76; corpses taboo, 76; mourners, 77, 79; the god fights for his own people, 108; survival of totemism, 155; their deities, 163 ff.; paint for blood, 192; plant - totems, 207; functional deities, 247 Tuitonga, 66, 79, 223 Tumanang, 101 Tupai, 60
Tuppin Imbas, blood-guiltiness, 292; next life, 308
Turtle, as totem, 153, 243 Turtle-clan, 104; myth of origin,
fice, 330; the unclean might not have to do directly or indirectly with the mysteries, 361; nor ap- proach sacred sheaf, 364
Uncleanness, of mourners, 57, 58, 69; and of all who have come in contact with death, 76, 80; of the shedder of blood, 75; of mothers after child- birth, 75; of new-born children, 76 Unconscious Utilitarianism, 90 Underground world, 299 ff., 303, 305 Uniformity of Nature, not proved by science, nor disproved by the errors of science, 9, 10; assumed in savage as well as in scientific logic, 28; expression of God's will, 402; of human action, of man's free will, ib.; assumed not proved, 406; acted on by primitive man, 409 Union, political, implies religious union, 239
Unleavened Bread, 385 Unyora, blood-covenant, 98 Upanishads, on sacrifice, 224-5 Utopia, 305, 312-3
VALIDITY of a belief not affected by the fact that it has been evolved out of something else, 10; of religious beliefs to be discussed by philo- sophy of religion, ib. Vancouver's Island, 308
Van Diemen's Land, strangers not eaten with, 71 Vannus, 247 Vedas, 317
Veddahs of Travancove, fathers fast
after child-birth, 75
Vegetation, placed under protection of water-spirit, 230
Vegetation-spirit, ceases to be im- manent in corn and becomes lord of the soil, 223; syncretised with Dionysus, 236; with water-spirits, 237; omnipotent not departmental, 244; carried in procession, 255; re- presented by a man in a sheaf or green leaves, 285; enters him who eats the first-fruit of tree, 293 Vengeance for the dead, 54 Vermin, unclean, 62; sacred, 128 Victim, the, first eaten jointly by god
and worshipper, 159, then resigned wholly to the god, 160
Victoria, remnants of food used to injure the eater, 151 Virgil, 274
Virginia, 306
Vision, spiritual, 398 ff.
Vitzilipuztli. See Huitzilopochtli
Voluntary religious associations, 331 Vows, those under, fast and are taboo, 155
WAFERS, sacramental, 218-9; in the private mysteries, 340 Walhalla, 302
Waliah, may not offer presents with his hands, 71, 72
War, a holy function, 1553, 242, 295,
War-captives, executed in place of priest, 283-4
War-god, how developed, 242 War-king, 277, 295 War-paint, 349
Washing, not permitted to taboo persons, 78; e.g. mourners, 78, 79; abstained from, 365, 368
Water, used for ceremonial purification, 57, 75, 76, 80, 229; for divination, ib., 289; ordeal by, ib.; sacramental use of, 229; waters over the earth, ib.; water-spirit, 230; ghosts drink, 322-3; for purification in mysteries, 339, 348 Water-spirits, 221
Wells, sacred, 221, 232
Wends, cannibalism, 202; life-tree, 210 Wer-geld, 102
Wermland, sacrament, 215
West Indies, sacrificial meal, 147, 151; grave-posts, 196
White, taboo-colour, 65, 79, 349 Whydah, sacred (taboo) python, 60; python procession, 209
Widows and widowers, shave their heads or cut their hair, 79, 80 Will, the source of all human actions
and believed to be source of all other changes, 22, 409, 411
Winds, on sale in Shetlands and Isle of Man, 24
Wine, forbidden in the Eleusinia, 380-1
Witches, changed into animals, 16; use waxen images, 29; seek to do mischief, 177; their familiars, 187; ordeal by water, 229. See Priest, Sorcerer
Wives, tabooed, 71, 72; killed at husband's grave, 200 Wolf-clan and hero, 126 Women, taboo, 59,
so wear broad- brimmed hats, 60; debased by ancestor-worship, 199; amongst savages generally do the agriculture, 240, 258; probably first cultivated plants, 240, 258; hence cereal deities feminine, 241, 258, 379
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