Sleep, savage theory of, 44

Snail, as totem, 153

Snake, the genius of Ti. Gracchus,
186; deceased appears as, 303
Social Obligation and taboo, 87, 88
Society, its earliest form, 96, 97, 99
Soil, of sacred places taboo, 63, 64;
tabooed by blood, 73, 74; by new-
born children, 75, 76; of taboo
places taboo, 136

Solar year, unknown to Indo-Europeans,

228
Solomon, 224
Solon, 305, 334
Solstices, 227-8
Soma, 310, 311

Sorcerer, and priests, 24, 35; misuse of
the word, 106; confused with priest,
289; distinction, 289 ff.
Sorrow, doll of, 49

Soul, man may have several, 44;
departs from body in sickness and
sleep, 44; may be made to return,
45, 46; hole left in tomb to facilitate
return, 50; existence of, denied by
Buddha, 318; the child of earth
and starry sky, 321. See Spirits,
Transmigration

Soumoo Indians, mourning, 79
Spartans, scourging as blood-offering,

171

Species, not the individual, worshipped
as totem, 211, 212
Spirit, the Holy, 284

Spirits, not necessarily supernatural,

23; various names for, 43; friendly
relations with, 54; to be dis-
tinguished from supernatural spirits,
55; unattached, how worshipped,
173, 174; such worship disloyal to
clan-god, 177; familiar, 187 ; human
and supernatural, 189; how the
former come to have supernatural
powers, 196; not all supernatural,
395. See Family Gods, Gods,
Guardian Spirits, Soul
Spiritual regeneration and morality,
343 ff.

Spiritualism, 343

Srahmantin, 164, 174

State, does not exist in early times,

54; first appears in the collective
action of a totem-clan, 109
State-cults, confined to citizens, 359
Sterculinus, 246

Stoics, on myths, 267

Stones, their worship" secondary on
altar-worship, 139 ff.; and has mis-
led students, 141; incorporated into
higher religions, 142; suppressed by
them, 142, 143

the mode of killing adopted to
distribute the guilt equally, 255;
the divine victim, to divide responsi-
bility, 292

Storks, revered by the Thessalians,

125

Story-telling, how it arose, 258
Strangers enemies, 54, 327
Strangers, tabooed but not inherently
taboo, 71

Streams, sacred, 237, 242. Sce Water-
spirits

Struggle for existence, man's physical
inferiority to animals in, 15; his
consequent development of the in-
tellectual faculties, 21; how religion
aided him, 21

Suahili, ordination, 288
Subsistence, artificial and natural basis
of, 113

Substitutes for blood, 52, 53
Sudra caste, mutilation, 170
Suhman, how it differs from other

deities, 165, 167; modelled on idol,
169, 175; sacrifice offered to it, 183
Suicide, of divine kings, 279 ff.
Súlagava sacrifice, 146, 149
Sumatra, tiger's name taboo, 61; sacred

trees, 208; divine kings, 275; may
not be seen by taboo persons, 69;
agriculturist's dependence on, 228;
rites used in worship of, 229, 230;
horses sacrificed to, ib.; fires as
offerings to, 231-2; myths about his
movements, 261

Sun, as next world, 298; disappears
below ground, 306; hence belief in
a happy western world, 307-8; rest.
ing-place for the departed, 310. See
Heavenly bodies
Sun-charms, 232
Sunday, 65, 66
Sun-god, 128

Supernatural, interference with laws
of nature, 18-23, 55; man believed
in the, from the first, 15, 18 ff.;
endeavoured to establish relations
with it, 20 ff.; regarded it as a
spirit having affinity with his own,
21; but not all spirits supernatural,
23; man seeks to locate the s., 23;
s. power originally purely negative,
23; only manifests itself later in
natural phenomena, 24; its positive
and negative aspects, 25; man does
not believe himself to possess super-
natural powers, 26; familiar se-
quences not regarded as supernatural,
26, 41; belief in, distinct from fear
or gratitude, 41; usually combined
with animism, ib. ; man's relations

to the s., 42; he does not attempt
to coerce it, ib.; but to ally himself
with it, 43; sentiment of, distinct
from taboo-terror, 137; supernatural
beings, three kinds of, 173; super-
natural powers exercised by trees and
plants, 206; distinction between
supernatural and the natural always
known to man, 395; man seeks it in
external nature, 408, 411, 413
Supernatural Selection in mythology,
265-6; in the taboos laid on the
priesthood, 272

Superstitious Man, anoints stones, 143
Surinam, blood-covenant, 98
Surrogate. See Substitute

Survival, of the fittest not usually
survival of the best, 394-5; theory
of, essentially negative, 399
Survival theory, 297 ff.

Survivals, in religion are rites from
which the religious element has
departed, 232
Suspension-burial, 204
Swan-maiden tales, 259

Swearing, origin and meaning of, 64
Sweeping house sweeps out spirits, 48
Swine, reluctance to feed on, 118
Symbolism, inadequate to account for
animal-worship, 124; inadequate to
explain royal and priestly taboos,
272; applied to purificatory rites in
the private mysteries, 348
Sympathetic Magic, not supposed, by
those who use it, to produce super-
natural effects, 25-7; fatal to pro-
gress, 33; instances of, 35; simply
the applied science of the savage,
35; and taboo, 90; not the explana-
tion of fire festivals, 232-3
Syncretism, implies synoikismos, 235,
and facilitates it, ib.; when im-
possible, 238; gives rise to myths,
255 ff.; in monotheism, 390-2,
393-4; facilitated by absence of
names of gods, 391-2

Synoikismos, 123; involves syncretism,
234; inconsistent with monotheism,
315; does not always produce poly-
theism, 391

Syria (the country), 186
Syria (the island), 313

T

TABLETS, Pythagorean, 320-1
Taboo, on mourners does not exclude
love of dead, 57, 58; meaning of
"taboo," 59; transmissibility of,
59-68; conveyed by sight, 59, 60;
by hearing, 60, 61; by things
"unclean," 62; by things "holy,'

62; by persons, 62, 63; by holy
places, 63; by the soil, 63, 64;
infects time, 65, 67; raiment, 66,
67; transmissibility due to Associa-
tion of Ideas, 67, not to belief either
in material pollution or supernatural
influence, 68; things taboo and
things tabooed, 69; food not taboo,
69; criminals and the sick tabooed,
70; persons and things in which a
supernatural spirit dwells tabooed,
71; property and wives tabooed,
71; taboo extended from species to
genus, 71, 72; blood, inherently
taboo, 73, 74; new-born children,
ditto, 75, 76; their mothers, ditto,
74, 75; corpses, ditto, 76-80; ex-
planations of, 82-85; not a piece of
state-craft, 82; nor a purely religious
observance, 82, 83; nor merely the
transmission of (loathed) qualities,
83, 84; consequences of breaking
taboo, 84; taboo categorical not
hypothetical, 84, 85; a "primitive"
sentiment, 85; difference between
things taboo and things dangerous,
85; taboo prior to and contradictory
of experience, 85; not specifically
moral, social, or religious, 86; simply
="thou shalt not," 86, 87; essential
to morality, 87; and to sense of
Social Obligation, 87, 88; for it
made Private and General Good
coincide, 88; evolution of taboo
not always beneficent, 88, 89; its
growth rapid and fatal, 89; not
checked automatically by Uncon-
scious Utilitarianism, 90; action of
taboo mechanical and irrational, 91;
rationalised by religion, 92, and a
process of Supernatural Selection,
93-5; taboo taken up into totem-
ism, 109; on flesh of totem, 117;
colours taboo, 136, 349; places, ib.;
terror purely negative, 137; imposed
on those about to communicate, 155;
source of charms or amulets, 178;
infection communicated by the hair,
194; on tree and plant totems as
food, 222-3; in myths and fairy
tales, 259; uniformly laid on priests,
271-2; imposed upon divine priest-
kings, 275 ff.; differentiates the two
offices, 276-8; source of the ideas of
holiness and uncleanness, 296; taboo
of silence in the Eleusinia, 361, 380
Tacullis, 299
Tahbi, 163

Tahiti, chiefs taboo, 62; mourners
taboo, 69, and may not feed them-
selves, 70; sickness due to sin, 111;
blood-offerings to the dead, 191

Talismans, 323

Tamarind, as totem, 210
Tamehameha, tabooed
mine, 72

Tammaraca, 184
Tando, 239

Tinnevelly, worship of evil spirits,

174, 175, 176

Tanna, corpse painted red, 52; food
not to be offered with bare hands,
70; paint for blood, 191-2
Tartars, sacrificial meal, 149, 158;
sacrament, 219, 222; grand Lamas,
275; kings differentiated from
priests, 278

Tasmanians (extinct), name of dead
taboo, 61

Tattooing, its origin, 172; condition
of entering paradise, 173; marks
choice of a guardian spirit, 182;
forbidden to the Hebrews, 193; in
ordination, 288
Tcharnican, 219

Tehuantepec, choice of individual
totem, 185

Tehuelche, sacrificial meal,

sacrifices to the dead, 196

Telliês, 349

Τέμενος, 295, 336

Temples, origin of, 135, 237

Tenger Mountains. See Java

146, 159;

Tenure of priestly office, 270-1
Teraphim, 186

Teutons, birth-trees, 207; their May.
pole, 208

Thebes (Greece), 255-7, 304

Thebes (Egypt), 309

Theodore,

Archbishop,

denounces

corpse taboo, 76

Tiryns, 2561

Titans, 350 ff.; myth, 355-6
Tlalnepautla, 142
Tlalocan, 299
Tlalocs, 217
Tmu, 384

Todas, sacrifice, 156

Tombstones, carved in totem form,
103

Tonga, king's glance taboos what it
lights on, 64; mutilation, 170;
blood-offerings to the dead, 192;
first-fruits, 223; priests, 287; happy
other-world, 308

Tonquinese, cover dying man's face
with a cloth, 50; funeral feasts, 51
Tonsure, 1712

Tooitonga. See Tuitonga
Topantunuasu. Sec Celebes
Torch-rite, 365, 378
Torres Strait, 306

-

Totemism, has its origin in the tribal
stage of society, 96, 97; based upon
the blood-covenant, 97, 98; and the
division of things into natural kinds,
99, 100; with which clans can have
blood-feuds and blood-covenants,
100; a totem always a species, never
an individual, 101; its life respected,
as the life of a clansman, 102;
buried, when dead, ib.; totemist
wears a totem-dress, 102, 103, es-
pecially at great crises, 103; rejoins
the totem at death, ib.; men de-
scended from totem ancestor, 104;
the totem a god, 104, 105; killing
a clansman killing the god, 107;
loyalty to the totem-god, 107, 108;
totem-clan a religious community,
109. Survivals of T., 113-29:
domestication of animals and plants,
113-21; in Egypt, 121-3;
Greece, 125, 126; amongst the
Semites, 127-9; totemism world-
wide, 117; based on blood-relation-
ship, 139; the totem taboo as food,
yet eaten, 154; totemism in pastoral
and prepastoral times, 155; dates
from before pastoral times, 156;
clansman reunited to totem in
death, 173, 303; individual totems,
182 ff., 185. Tree and Plant Totems,
206-25: one individual appropri
ates the worship accorded originally
to the whole species, 208; worship
no longer confined to the clan,
ib.; tree-totem anthropomorphised,
208-9; clan names itself after

in

totem, 209; branch or plant carried
in (sacramental) procession, ib.;
dead buried in totem-tree, 210;
tree appears in marriage-rite, ib.;
plant-totems the source of domesti-
cated plants, 210 ff.; plant-totems
preserved, for their supernatural
protection, from one year to the
next, 211; and worshipped, 212;
plant - totem anthropomorphised,
213; plant furnishes the sacramental
meal, 214; seeds eaten simpliciter,
214, 215; made into a dough-doll,
215-6; use of dough-dolls spreads to
non-cereal deities, 216; wafers take
the place of the dolls, 218-9; blood
extended from animal to plant-
totems, 219, 220; two modes of
communion with tree-totems, 220,
by eating, ib.; and by incorporation
of the worshipper with the object
of his worship, 220-2; survival
of original taboo on plant-totems
as food, 222-3; importation into
religion of the conception of "pro-
perty,' 223-4; consequent "gift
theory" of sacrifice, 224-5; degrada.
tion of religion, 224; erroneous
views of history of religion, 225;
totem-gods absorbed by syncretism,
236; sex-totems, 239; how totem-
gods were affected by polytheism,
242-3, 249; totemism, in India,
317; under what conditions alone
it results in metempsychosis, 314-5;
in Egypt in Græco-Roman times,
316; passes into polytheism, 395;
the earliest form of religion known
to science may be a relapse from an
earlier and purer form, 395; totem-
sacrifice aims at the union of man
with the divine, 411-2; presupposes
a previous stage in religious develop-
ment, 413; a form of monotheism, ib.
Totonacs, dough and blood, 219
Tragedy, 352
Τράγοι, 351

Transformation, of men into beasts,
amongst Jacoons, Bushmans, in
Kirchhain, 16, 251, 253, 257, 259;
posthumous transformation into
totem-animal, 314-5, 325-6
Transformation Conflict, 355 ff.
Transmigration of Souls, 314-26;
totemism does not always result in,
314; conditions under which alone
it does so result, 315; in Egypt,
315-7; in India, 317-20; Buddhist
revolt against Brahminist transmi-
gration, 318-9; differences between
Egyptian and Indian doctrines, 319,
320; Pythagoreanism, 320 ff.; its

difference from the Indian doctrine,
321; its resemblances to the Egyp
tian, 322-3; its slight attachment
to native Greek beliefs, 323-4;
impossibility of its being native,
324-5; elements of the belief in
a future state, 325; why their
synthesis before 600 B.C. was un-
satisfactory to the religious con-
sciousness, 326

Travancore. See Veddahs
Trees, as totems, 207; dead buried in,
210; in marriage-rites, 210; human
figure attached to, 215-6, 255; rags
tied on, 221; hung with fruits
(syncretism), 235; sacred, 242;
clothed in human dress, 252
Tree-burial, 204, 210
Tree-gods, present in "lots," 289
Trenches, offerings made in, 51, 52
Triangle, totemistic, 127 ff.
Tronis, blood-offerings, 52
Troy, 304

Tscheremiss, feast the dead, 51;
sacrificial meal, 150
Tscherkess, funeral feasts, 51; mutila-
tion, 170

Tschuwasch, funeral feasts, 51
Tshi-speaking peoples, tempt the soul
of the deceased to return, 45; funeral
lamentations, 47; purify mourners,
57; vessels taboo, 63; eat fetish,
64; taboo-days, 65; taboo colours,
67; mother unclean after child-
birth, 74, 75; purified, 75, 76;
corpses taboo, 76; mourners, 77,
79; the god fights for his own
people, 108; survival of totemism,
155; their deities, 163 ff.; paint for
blood, 192; plant - totems, 207;
functional deities, 247
Tuitonga, 66, 79, 223
Tumanang, 101
Tupai, 60

Tuppin Imbas, blood-guiltiness, 292;
next life, 308

Turtle, as totem, 153, 243
Turtle-clan, 104; myth of origin,

fice, 330; the unclean might not
have to do directly or indirectly
with the mysteries, 361; nor ap-
proach sacred sheaf, 364

Uncleanness, of mourners, 57, 58, 69;
and of all who have come in contact
with death, 76, 80; of the shedder
of blood, 75; of mothers after child-
birth, 75; of new-born children, 76
Unconscious Utilitarianism, 90
Underground world, 299 ff., 303, 305
Uniformity of Nature, not proved by
science, nor disproved by the errors
of science, 9, 10; assumed in savage
as well as in scientific logic, 28;
expression of God's will, 402; of
human action, of man's free will,
ib.; assumed not proved, 406; acted
on by primitive man, 409
Union, political, implies religious
union, 239

Unleavened Bread, 385
Unyora, blood-covenant, 98
Upanishads, on sacrifice, 224-5
Utopia, 305, 312-3

V

VALIDITY of a belief not affected by the
fact that it has been evolved out of
something else, 10; of religious
beliefs to be discussed by philo-
sophy of religion, ib.
Vancouver's Island, 308

Van Diemen's Land, strangers not
eaten with, 71
Vannus, 247
Vedas, 317

Veddahs of Travancove, fathers fast

after child-birth, 75

Vegetation, placed under protection of
water-spirit, 230

Vegetation-spirit, ceases to be im-
manent in corn and becomes lord
of the soil, 223; syncretised with
Dionysus, 236; with water-spirits,
237; omnipotent not departmental,
244; carried in procession, 255; re-
presented by a man in a sheaf or
green leaves, 285; enters him who
eats the first-fruit of tree, 293
Vengeance for the dead, 54
Vermin, unclean, 62; sacred, 128
Victim, the, first eaten jointly by god

and worshipper, 159, then resigned
wholly to the god, 160

Victoria, remnants of food used to
injure the eater, 151
Virgil, 274

Virginia, 306

Vision, spiritual, 398 ff.

Vitzilipuztli. See Huitzilopochtli

Voluntary religious associations, 331
Vows, those under, fast and are taboo,
155

W

WAFERS, sacramental, 218-9; in the
private mysteries, 340
Walhalla, 302

Waliah, may not offer presents with
his hands, 71, 72

War, a holy function, 1553, 242, 295,

349

War-captives, executed in place of
priest, 283-4

War-god, how developed, 242
War-king, 277, 295
War-paint, 349

Washing, not permitted to taboo
persons, 78; e.g. mourners, 78, 79;
abstained from, 365, 368

Water, used for ceremonial purification,
57, 75, 76, 80, 229; for divination,
ib., 289; ordeal by, ib.; sacramental
use of, 229; waters over the earth,
ib.; water-spirit, 230; ghosts drink,
322-3; for purification in mysteries,
339, 348
Water-spirits, 221

Wells, sacred, 221, 232

Wends, cannibalism, 202; life-tree, 210
Wer-geld, 102

Wermland, sacrament, 215

West Indies, sacrificial meal, 147,
151; grave-posts, 196

White, taboo-colour, 65, 79, 349
Whydah, sacred (taboo) python, 60;
python procession, 209

Widows and widowers, shave their
heads or cut their hair, 79, 80
Will, the source of all human actions

and believed to be source of all other
changes, 22, 409, 411

Winds, on sale in Shetlands and Isle
of Man, 24

Wine, forbidden in the Eleusinia,
380-1

Witches, changed into animals, 16;
use waxen images, 29; seek to do
mischief, 177; their familiars, 187;
ordeal by water, 229. See Priest,
Sorcerer

Wives, tabooed, 71, 72; killed at
husband's grave, 200
Wolf-clan and hero, 126
Women, taboo, 59,

so wear broad-
brimmed hats, 60; debased by
ancestor-worship, 199; amongst
savages generally do the agriculture,
240, 258; probably first cultivated
plants, 240, 258; hence cereal
deities feminine, 241, 258, 379