veloped with remarkable rapidity, while in the old Lyceum at Athens the philosophy of reasoning and dialectics, caring little for physical causes, was devoted exclusively to the soul.

A deep-seated belief that the senses are deceptive, and the natural impatience of the Greeks, inclining them toward reasoning and speculation rather than the slow and laborious processes of observation and experiment, had first to be overcome. But in the third century B.C. the greatest geometer of antiquity, Archimedes, taught at Syracuse a system of astronomy closely resembling that of Copernicus, founded the science of mechanics in his treatise De Aequiponderantibus, and devised some of the fundamental experimental methods of modern physics. At the same period Aristarchus of Samos made a first determination of the distance of the sun from the earth and held that "the center of the universe was occupied by the sun, which was immovable, like other stars, while the earth revolved around it". This view was also taught by Seleucus the Babylonian, but it was rejected by Ptolemy, the most celebrated astronomer of his day.

Of all the ancient prototypes of the modern academy, the great Museum of Alexandria holds the first place. Founded by Ptolemy Soter, whose preference would have confined its work to the moral and political sciences, its scope soon expanded under the influence of Ptolemy Philadelphus and the pressure of circumstances, until it embraced the whole field of knowledge". Here almost all of the important results of Greek science were obtained in a period covering nine centuries. The museum established by Ptolemy was an extensive palace, housing the brilliant company of scholars and investigators gathered together from all parts of Greece.

Ptolemy Philadelphus collected strange animals from many lands, and sent Dionysius on exploring expeditions to the most remote regions'. But while the investigators of the museum doubtless profited by these collections and explorations for their studies in natural history and geography, Matter finds no evidence that at this period the museum possessed either a distinct natural history collection or a zoological park, though the study of medicine was encouraged, and a great art collection was developed.

The rising tide of science soon brought all the material requisites of research, supplementing the great library of 700,000 volumes by the instruments, laboratories and collections demanded by the astronomer, the physicist and the student of biology. A botanical garden, a zoological menagerie, an anatomical laboratory and an astronomical observatory in the Square Porch, provided by Ptolemy Euergetes with an equinoctial and a solstitial armillary, stone quadrants, astrolabes and other instruments, illustrate the nature of the extensive equipment provided. The work of the Alexandrian school thus continued to grow, until it embraced all of natural and physical science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and geography, history, philosophy, religion, morals and politics. It is significant that an institution which in many respects would be regarded as a model to be striven for to-day, should have developed at so early a period in the history of civilization".

To the Alexandrian school we owe the Geometry of Euclid, and his treatises on Harmony, Optics and Catoptrics; the hydraulic screw and some of the mathematical and physical discoveries of Archimedes of Syracuse, who spent part of his time in Egypt; the mathematical, astronomical, geographical and historical investigations of Eratosthenes, who first endeavored to determine the circumference of the earth by measuring the difference of latitude and the distance between Alexandria and Syene, and wrote on such subjects as the geological submersion of lands, the elevation of ancient sea-beds, and the opening of the Dardanelles and the Straits of Gibraltar; the Conic Sections of Apollonius; the mathematical and astronomical researches of Hipparchus, whose discovery of the precession of the equinoxes was based on observations made five hundred years previously by Timochares at Alexandria; and the great Syntaxis of Ptolemy, translated as the Almagest by the Arabians, which stood as a commanding authority in Europe for nearly fifteen hundred years. Founded on the geocentric hypothesis, the Almagest is nevertheless replete with astronomical methods and observations of the widest range and significance, and includes Ptolemy's discovery of the lunar evection, a rough determination of the distance from the earth to the sun, a masterly discussion of the motions of the planets, and a catalogue of 1,022 stars. These remarkable advances, which include only a fraction of the enormous scientific product of the Alexandrian school, were supplemented by equally striking contributions to literature and art. Philology, criticism and the history of literature became sciences, while the coming together of Buddhists, Jews, Greeks and Egyptians, with the most diverse beliefs, led to the development of comparative theology. Of the literary works of the Alexandrian school the Septuagint and the poems of Theocritus are perhaps the most widely known".

C.K.

A WORKING LIBRARY FOR STUDENTS OF THE CLASSICS

Introductory Note

Since the primary object in preparing this list of books is to encourage teachers to read widely in the Classics, a considerable portion of it is composed of those explanatory editions in English which seem to give the clearest interpretation of the author's meaning. A number of critical editions have also been included, for the sake of those who may wish to know more about the scholarly work that has been done on certain authors than the ordinary editions offer. Foreign books receive a place only when there is no adequate substitute in English.

Wide reading is the simplest and yet most arduous method of insuring the growth in scholarship that is so essential for every teacher who aims at being successful. It has been estimated that the whole range of first class Latin literature can be read in eight years by means of reading only three pages of new Latin every day, and in twice that time the same desirable result can be obtained for Greek literature. The teacher should certainly aim at an early reading of the whole, or at least of the major

10 See the works of Matter, Montucla, Bossut, Whewell, Draper and Weber.

part, of the authors he is teaching, and following this he should read broadly in other authors in the same or related departments of the literature. Individual taste must after that prescribe an order for reading, but the essential thing is to keep reading. Some scholarly work should also be done, either by personal investigation or by mastering special topics or critical editions.

The following order of reading (based on relative value for the teacher) is suggested. In Greek: Homer, Xenophon, Herodotus, Thucydides, Aristophanes, Lysias, Plato, Demosthenes, Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides, Plutarch's Lives, Arrian, Pausanias, Strabo; in Latin: Cicero, Vergil, Caesar, Horace, Sallust, Ovid, Pliny the Younger, Tacitus, Catullus, Tibullus. For early reading the following order is suggested. In Greek: Homer (complete), Xenophon (Memorabilia, Hellenica), Herodotus (Books 1, 2, 6, from Chapter 94, 8), Thucydides (Books 1, 2, 6, 7), Lysias (complete), Aristophanes (Acharnians, Knights, Clouds), Plato (Phaedo, Gorgias, Republic), Demosthenes (Philippics, De Corona, De Falsa Legatione), Plutarch (Themistocles, Pericles, Artaxerxes, Cicero, Caesar); in Latin: Cicero (Pro Roscio Amerino, in Verrem 4, 5, Pro Sestio, Philippics, Tusculan Disputations 1, 5, Somnium Scipionis, De Officiis, De Senectute, De Amicitia, Brutus, Selected Letters), Vergil (complete), Caesar (complete), Horace (complete), Sallust (complete), Ovid (selections from Metamorphoses, Fasti), Tacitus (Agricola, Germania, selections from the Histories and the Annals), Pliny (selected Letters), Catullus and Tibullus, Quintilian (Books 10, 12). The Greek Testament should be read early, and perhaps also the Latin Vulgate.

The attempt has been made to avoid duplicating, but where two or more books on the same topic are included, because each has its special features, they are named together in italics. Small Roman type indicates books which, for reasons of price or the language in which they are written, may be substituted for those immediately above them in the list. An asterisk is placed before those which should be obtained early in one's teaching experience. Those who wish a fuller bibliography on any classical subject should consult Mayor's Guide to the Choice of Classical Books, New Supplement, 1879-1896 (London).

The price of foreign books is given in Marks (1 M = 25 cts.') or Francs (1 F = 20 cts.), and represents the price unbound. These may be obtained, bound or unbound, from several agents in New York and Boston, or connection may readily be established with booksellers in Germany, especially in Leipzig. The following abbreviations for the names of publishers and agents are used: A D. Appleton and Co.; AB = Allyn and Bacon; ABC

American

1 G. E. Stechert and Co., 151 West 25th Street, New York City, have offered to supply new books at 22 cents per Mark, second-hand books at 27 cents per Mark. S Shilling. C.K.

The Loeb Classical Library, now in course of publication by the Macmillan Company, will cover much of the best classical literature from Homer to the Middle Ages. The original text and a good translation, usually in prose, will appear on opposite pages. About 30 volumes have appeared, and others appear each month. The library, when completed, will contain over 200 volumes. See THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY 5.126-127. A catalogue may be obtained from the publishers. The volumes sell at $1.50 each. The Oxford University Press also publishes a series of excellent translations, at $1.00 per volume.

II EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS
A Greek

Aeschines against Ctesiphon. Richardson G.
Aeschylus. The Seven Tragedies. School
ed. (best explanatory ed.). T.1888-1903
Agamemnon, Choephoroi, Eumenides, Persians,
Septem. Sidgwick. .......O. 1887-1903 each
Allen.......G. 1891
Prometheus Bound.

Aeschylus in English Verse. Way. 3
vols. ..
...M. each
Agamemnon. With Translation. Verrall

De Corona. Goodwin. School edit. (notes slightly condensed from above, without crit. apparatus).

M. 1902

First Philippic and Olynthiacs. Sandys.

.....

$1.10

$1.10

$2.25

Peace, Second and Third Philippics, Chersonesus. Sandys. .M. 1900 Select Private Orations. Paley and Sandys. 2 vols. ...M. each Euripides. Ausgewählte Tragoedien: Medea, Iphigenia Taurica, Bacchae, Hippolytus, Phoenissae, Electra, Orestes, Helena, Andromache. Wecklein (excellent explanatory notes, with good introduction to each tragedy. Each may be obtained ......T. separately). ... Alcestis. Hayley (full and admirable crit. notes, introduction on myth of Alcestis in literature and art, basis for the text) ...G. 1898 ..M. 1900

Earle.

.....

Bacchae. Sandys (mainly critical; out of

$1.40

M13.80

Mi4.00

$.75

$1.50

Alcestis.

$1.40

$.90

Catullus. Merrill (full introduction on life, influences, friends, characteristics, etc.). G. 1893 Commentary on. Ellis (elaborate introduction, full critical and explanatory notes). 2nd Ed...... ...O.

Cicero. *Ausgewählte Reden. Halm-Laubmann (7 Bände: Rosc., Imp. Pomp.; Cael., Verr. 4, 5; Cat., Arch.; Sest.; Milo, Lig., Deiot.; Phil. 1, 2; Mur., Sull.). Also each part sold separately.

De Amicitia. Price. De Senectute. Moore (critical introduction and appendix; notes and part of introduction on development of the thought). ... .....ABC. 1902 Orator. Sandys (fine introduction and notes) .......C. 1885 Tusculan Disputations, 1, 3, 5. Nutting (brief sketch of philosophy; notes helpful in translating) .AB. 1909 Academica.

good notes, and valuable introductions on Greek philosophy, sources and form of the dialogue, etc.)......C. 1880-1885 De Oratore. Wilkins (elaborate introductions and notes on Roman orators and oratory). 3 vols. .O. 1890-95 ABC. 1902

$8.50

$4.50

$.75

$.80

$4.00

$1.50

$1.40

$5.75

M.

$.90

$.90

The Second Philippic. Mayor (introduction and notes valuable for history of the period).

Philippics 1, 2, 3, 5, 7. King-Clark (notes and brief introductions chiefly historical). ... ...O. The Correspondence of M. Tullius Cicero Arranged according to its Chronological Order. Tyrrell-Purser (7 vols. Complete Edition, with revised text, good notes and valuable introductory essays) L. Select Letters. Watson (letters showing Cic. in public and private life. Notes valuable for translation and history). O. 1891 Selected Letters. Abbott (100 letters; good explanatory edition for history and style)..... G. 1897

$.50

Reid (valuable introduction and notes on philosophy and philosophers; for advanced students).......M. Gaius. Institutionum Iuris Civilis Commentarii Quattuor. Poste-Whittuck, 4th Ed. (The abridgment of the great Corpus of Justinian [see below] gives the private law in its final form, but the style of Gaius is somewhat easier, and the law nearer to that of the period of the best literature. The notes of both Poste and Moyle are admirably adapted to the study of the development of the law. Both contain translations). .........O. Horace. Opera rec. Keller et Holder. Edit. Min. .T. 1878 M4.00 Edited by Kiessling. 3 Bände (excellent ed. with German notes). Oden und Epoden. 4th ed. by Heinze.....W. 1901 M3.60 Satiren. 4th ed. by Heinze.... W. 1910 M2.40 Briefe. 3rd ed. by Heinze......W. 1908 M3.00 Edited by Wickham. 2 vols. (best gen

eral English ed.).

Odes, Carmen Saeculare, and Epodes.

Satires, Epistles, De Arte Poetica.

$5.25

$4.25