instead of puniturum, evidently intended to soften the hearts of his tormentors. On Horace's free use of the future participle, see on Odes, ii. 3. 4.

9. noverca: the type of cruelty.

11. ut haec, etc. as the boy halted, having uttered these plaints with quivering lip; haec is the accusative of result produced with questus, which agrees with puer.

12. insignibus: i.e. his toga and bulla, the locket worn at the throat of children as an amulet to protect them from the 'evil eye' and other malign influences.

13. impube corpus: in apposition with puer. quale posset mollire: such as might soften; clause of characteristic.

14. Thracum: i.e. barbarians.

15. Canidia: her real name is said to have been Gratidia; for such disguises in names, see note on Odes, ii. 12. 13, Licymniae. implicata, etc.: i.e. like a Fury; the participle is used as a middle; hence the direct objects, crinis and caput.

16. incomptum : dishevelled.

17. caprificos, cupressus: i.e. bits of wood from these trees. The nouns are subjects of aduri. Note that cupressus, usually of the second declension, is here declined according to the fourth; cf. the similar use of myrtus in Odes, ii. 15. 6.

18. funebris: see on ii. 14. 23.

19. uncta: to be taken with both ova and plumam.

20. strigis: the owl was a bird of evil omen; strigis limits ova as well as plumam.

21. Iolcos: a Thessalian city, mentioned as the source of poisonous herbs, since the Thessalian women were famed as sorceresses. Hiberia: the Pontic Hiberia in Asia Minor is meant.

23. ossa: bones from a human body.

24. Colchicis =

magicis, such as Medea of Colchis, the most famous of mythical sorceresses, was wont to use in her incantations. 25. expedita Sagana: Sagana (another of the witches) girt high, for freedom of movement.

26. Avernalis aquas: water from ill-omened Avernus, the noisome lake near Cumae, regarded as the entrance to the lower world. The water was thought to possess magic power.

29. abacta nulla, etc.: Veia (another of the witches), held back by no sense of guilt.

30. ligonibus: poetic plural.

32. quo posset, etc.: in order that buried there the boy, etc.; quo is really the relative adverb (whither '), referring to humum.

33. longo die bis terque: twice or thrice in the course of the weary day; the words limit mutatae. The sight of fresh viands would naturally intensify the sufferings of the boy.

34. inemori: this verb is found only here.

spectaculo: dative.

35. cum promineret ore: protruding with his face; a circumstantial cum-clause, equivalent to a present participle. quantum exstant, etc.: i.e. only as much as the bodies of swimmers are raised above the surface of the water.

38. amoris poculum: a love-charm.

39. interminato: forbidden; for the passive use of perfect passive participles of deponent verbs, cf. Odes, i. 1. 25, detestata.

cum

40. intabuissent: oblique form, after a secondary tense, of an original future perfect indicative (cum intabuerint).

42. Foliam: the fourth of the witches.

43. otiosa Neapolis: gossiping Naples. Naples, according to the scholiast, was Canidia's home, and so took a natural interest in her doings and those of her associates.

45. excantata: with both sidera and lunam. see on line 21.

voce Thessala :

47. inresectum pollicem: ¿.e. a thumb whose nail was uncut. 48. rodens: a mark of frantic rage.

49. aut quid tacuit: or rather what did she leave unsaid? i.e. to what abominable utterances did she not give vent? to my deeds.

rebus meis:

51. Diana: i.e. Luna. quae silentium regis: cf. Virg. Aen. ii. 255, tacitae per amica silentia Lunae.

53. adeste: be propitious to me.

hostilis domos: i.e. the

homes that resist Canidia's power, particularly that of Varus (the senem of line 57).

55. formidulosis: i.e. inspiring dread.

57. senem adulterum: the old rake; the Varus of line 73; cf Odes, i. 1. 1, atavis regibus. quod omnes rideant: a sight for all to laugh at; relative clause of purpose.

58. latrent: bark at and drive as suppliant to Canidia's presence. The word is here transitive and governs senem. Suburanae canes : the Subura, to be thought of as Canidia's home, was a disreputable quarter of Rome lying between the Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal.

59. nardo perunctum : Varus had been anointed with the magic perfume by Canidia, in order that the dogs might set upon him and drive him to her.

60. laborarint: have wrought, have prepared.

dira: i. e. potent.

61. quid accidit: the charm refuses to work. barbarae: Medea's home was Colchis. minus = non.

*

62. venena: philters; venenum originally meant 'love-charm,’ 'philter,' from Venes-, root of Venus, 'love.' The primitive form 'venes-num regularly became venēnum by compensatory lengthening; B. App. § 89. The meaning 'poison,' therefore, is a secondary signification of the word.

63 ff. For the myth see on Epode 3, 13 f.

63. superbam: in winning Jason's affections from Medea.

65. tabo: here for veneno.

69. indormit unctis, etc.: he sleeps on perfumed couch, forgetful of all mistresses (Canidia included); omnium is emphasized by its position; oblivione is ablative of attendant circumstance.

veneficae scien

71. solutus: i.e. freed from my influence. tioris carmine: by the charm of some cleverer enchantress.

...

73. non usitatis . . . recurres: i.e. 'I'll brew a stronger charm and bring thee back to me.' The stronger charm, apparently, is to be made from the marrow and liver of the unfortunate boy.

74. O multa, etc.: O creature doomed bitterly to weep, viz. for thy resistance to my spells.

75. nec vocata mens tua, etc.: 'and by no Marsian spells shall thy devotion come back to me.' Canidia, as she goes on to say, will use some stronger spell than those employed by Marsian witches. On Marsis for Marsicis, cf. Odes, i. 1. 28, Marsus aper. 77. infundam tibi: I'll mix for thee.

78. fastidienti: i.e. scorning me and my spells.

79. mari: ablative of comparison with inferius.

80. tellure porrecta super: with the earth spread out above it (the sea).

81. quam non . . . flagres than thou fail to be consumed with love for me; meo here is equivalent to an objective genitive.

82. atris ignibus: smoky flames.

:

83. sub haec thereat; sub may mean either 'just before' or 'just after.' ut ante see lines 1-10, above.

84. lenire: historical infinitive, with conative force, strive to soothe.

impias: the wicked hags.

did not

85. unde: with what words.

86. Thyesteas preces: i.e. such curses as Thyestes had hurled at Atreus, who had slain Thyestes's sons and served their flesh to their father at a banquet. This curse was familiar to the Romans of Horace's day in Ennius's tragedy of Thyestes.

87. venena maga, etc.: your magic spells have not the power to alter right and wrong, nor to avert human retribution; maga is for magica; convertere is used zeugmatically; with vicem it is equivalent to avertere. On vicem in this sense, cf. Odes, i. 28(2). 12, vicesque superbae.

89. diris: with curses. 91. quin nay more.

92. Furor: as a fury.

dira detestatio: my awful execration. perire iussus: doomed to die.

93. umbra: as a ghost; to be taken with the subject of petam. 94. deorum Manium: the shades of the departed were regularly styled di Manes.

96. pavore: i.e. by the terror I inspire.

hinc et hinc: from this

97. vicatim: from street to street. side and that; poetic for hinc et illinc; cf. 4. 9, huc et huc euntium. 98. anus: in apposition with vos.

99. post: adverb.

100. Esquilinae alites : i.e. the carrion birds that haunt the Esquiline cemetery, a sort of potter's field outside the walls; for the hiatus (or possibly only semi-hiatus), cf. Odes, i. 28(2). 4, capiti inhumato.

101. heu mihi superstites: i.e. 'I, alas, shall not live to behold the sight.'

102. effugerit: the future perfect emphasizes the certainty of consummation.

EPODE VI.

The identity of the person against whom this epode is directed, is uncertain.

1. hospites: strangers, who can have done no harm to thee. canis like a dog.

2. ignavos: nominative with canis; Introd. § 34. lupos: figurative for equal foes.'

6

3. quin why not?

4. me remorsurum :

huc - in me.

เ

me, who will retort with bites.'

5. qualis, etc.: like a Molossian hound or tawny Laconian; with Molossus and Laco, canis is to be understood. The like ellipsis is

common in modern languages; cf. our Newfoundland, St. Bernard,

etc.

6. amica vis pastoribus: sturdy friends of shepherds, lit. strength friendly to shepherds. In Georgics, iii. 404 ff., Virgil speaks of Molossian and Spartan hounds as faithful watch-dogs.

7. aure sublata: the pricked up ears mark the keen pursuit.

8. quaecumque praecedet fera: i.e. whatever creature I pursue. 9. tu: emphatic. cum complesti . . . odoraris: the cumclause is explicative, indicating the logical identity of the two statements,thy howl simply means that thou hast sniffed the smell of food.' Divested of the figure, the passage means that the man is attempting blackmail.

11. in malos: with tollo.

13. qualis

...

gener: the allusion is to the poet Archilochus of Paros (700 B.C.). Lycambes had promised Archilochus his daughter Neobule in marriage, but broke his pledge, whereupon the poet by his bitter invectives drove both Lycambes and Neobule to suicide. Lycambae is dative of agency; gener is used prospectively.

14. acer hostis Bupalo: Bupalus was a Greek sculptor belonging to the latter half of the sixth century B.C. He is said to have made a bust of his contemporary, the ugly-featured poet Hippōnax, of Ephesus. In revenge for this, Hipponax is reported to have lashed the sculptor in satiric verses; Bupalo is governed by hostis, which is here equivalent to inimicus.

1. Quo, quo: for the repetition, cf. Odes, ii. 17. 10, ibimus, ibimus, with note.

2. aptantur: i.e. being fitted again to the hand.

have (once) been sheathed.

3. campis . . . super: anastrophe. often.

conditi: that

Neptuno: for mari, as

ut..

4. Latini: more poetical than Romani; cf. Odes, ii. 1. 29. 5. non, etc. i.e. non fusus est sanguis, etc. i.e. with no such patriotic purpose as in the earlier days. 7. intactus: i.e. as yet untouched, unsubdued.

ureret:

ut descende