on studies both of objective Evolution, and subjective Development; and yet more particularly, on studies of those Ethical Sciences with which its constituent sciences are more closely related; and which, again, are founded on the most general results both of the subjective and objective systematic sciences. And hence, not only that study of the physical sciences so much insisted on by Mr. Buckle as a necessary preliminary to the study of the history of Civilisation; but the previous study also of those metaphysical and ethical sciences with which, except Economic, he practically dispensed, is required by the mere place of the study of Progress in our classification of the Sciences.

11. Utinam, quemadmodum universi mundi facies in conspectum venit, ita philosophiæ tota nobis posset occurrere simillimum mundo spectaculum.' And so, let me now present, at a glance, the outlines of this embodiment of our new philosophical Method in what offers itself as, in different aspects of it, a synoptical history of Things, a system of Correlative Categories of Causation, and a synoptical history of Knowledges, Scientific, and Technical

Political Laws of a given historical period, and hence, as distinguished from Juridic as above-defined, can, I think, be rightly constituted only on principles derived from this general historical Science of Nomogenetic : -just as truly scientific Natural-history Classifications must be derived from, or coincide with, the facts of Ontogenetic.

1 Seneca, Epist., lxxxix.

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES AND THE ARTS.

THE OBJECTIVE, OR NATURAL, SCIENCES AND ARTS.

Discontinuous, Conti- Translation, Transfor

nuous, Ordered, define mation, Assimilation, define

(III) Organic. Therapeutic (III) Ontogenetic

THE SUBJECTIVE, OR MENTAL, SCIENCES AND ARTS.

THE OBJECTIVO-SUBJECTIVE, OR HUMANITAL, SCIENCES AND ARTS.

But, surveying now this classification of the Sciences and Arts, Thought, yet again differentiating and integrating, shows them to form but parts of a greater whole; and, distinguishing the Sciences as the objective kingdom of the general written result of Mental Activity, shows that, in relation thereto, Poesy, in its widest and true sense, as the recordation of Ideals, whether in the style and rhythm of prose or of poetry, is of a subjective character; while the Arts form what, in relation to the Sciences and to Poesy, must be characterised as the objectivo-subjective kingdom of those mental products which exist in Writing, or Letters. And we thus obtain a General Classification of Recorded Knowledges, under the three great heads of the Sciences, Poesy, (or Literature in the more restricted sense of the term), and the Arts.

SUBSECTION III.

The Ultimate Principles of Philosophical Investigation.

1. Already it may suggest itself that, if such a classification of the Sciences and Arts is really even in general accordance with the facts of Thought-development, there is implied in it an Ultimate Law of History. We must trust that the verification of this suggestion will show that, even for an introduction to

1 I regret that the addition of the Arts to this Table of the Sciences was too late an afterthought to permit of my adding, to the foregoing paragraphs of this subsection, such remarks and notes, with respect to the Arts in their connection with the Sciences, as I should have desired.

an Introduction so summary as the present necessarily is, the foregoing Classification has not been set-forth at any disproportionate length. In the meantime, we must complete the exposition of the Method by which we were finally led to the explicit enunciation of the Law which would appear to be implicit in the above Classification. For neither that central principle of our Method, of the working of which an illustration is afforded in the foregoing Classification, nor those by which it is limited and defined, can be characterised as ultimate. Ultimate can only be those conceptions of Truth which underlie such principles of Method as those in the first subsection stated; or rather those Postulates on which are based those conceptions of Truth. And on us, in a new inquiry into Causation, mainly urged by the falsehood of the Christian Philosophy of History, and the incompleteness of the New Philosophy of History, the clear statement of the Ultimate Principles of the Method of our new inquiry is more especially incumbent. For it is just the untruth of hitherto-granted postulates of Truth that we shall, on more profound reflection, find to be what is ultimately implied in an admission of the untruth of the Christian theory of History. Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια ; 1 what is Truth? This question of Pilate's, unanswered by Christ, is crucial to Christianity. And the question put by a more penetrating consideration of the untruth of the Christian theory of History is identical with that which the practical sense of the Roman Governor put. For the conception of Truth implied

1 John xviii, 38.

by the Christian theory of History is, that it is Thought which is in accordance with the Book which contains that theory; and this, either as it is interpreted by private judgment,' or by the Church.' The very supposition, therefore, of the untruth of a theory implying such a conception, or postulate with respect to the nature of Truth, implies either a more or less distinct new conception of Truth, or scepticism. as to the possibility of attaining to anything that can be called Truth. Nor is this a mere imaginary consequence of discovering the untruth of the Christian theory of History. For it was just with the conception that it was possible for the same thing to be at once true to the dogma, and false to the reason, that Christian Philosophy, the so-called Scholasticism, fell.1 The history of Modern Philosophy, initiated by Bacon and Descartes, has been, in one of its profoundest aspects, but an attempt to answer this question, What is Truth? And with the initiation of Modern Philosophy, was initiated also Modern Criticism, in that great work, at once the flower of the earlier, and the germ of the later period of doubt of the Christian historical theory, Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico

Politicus.' 2

2. To complete, therefore, the statement of the principles of our New Philosophical Method, it will be necessary that having in the two foregoing subsections first stated, and then illustrated the principles by which we would guide ourselves in attempting to gain true con

1 See Schwegler, History of Philosophy, p. 146.

2 Hamburg, 1670. Compare Epist. xxi. Opera, t. 1. p. 510.

K