AQUEDUCTS.

EVERY one now knows that water will preserve its own level: hence, if it be made to pass through a pipe, it will rise to the same height as that from which it entered the pipe. It is upon this principle that large towns are frequently supplied with water. If there be a large body of water in a situation higher than any part of a neighbouring town, the whole of that town can easily be supplied with water, by means of pipes. Thus we see the great water-works in the neighbourhood of London, where all the pipes issue from a great reservoir, higher in its situation than the level of the houses which are to be supplied. If there be a plentiful supply of water, on some high ground, and there be a town badly supplied with water on an opposite hill, somewhat lower, the water may be readily made to pass down the valley between these hills, and rise again to the opposite hill, and provide the town with the requisite supply of water. But if this principle be not known, and the water on the higher land be suffered to take its natural course, it would fall down in a torrent from the hills, and find its way, in the form of a river, along the valley. The ancients, not seeming to be aware of the rule by which water might be made to rise to its own level, were at the expense of building vast aqueducts across vallies, for the sake of conveying water to such towns as had not a sufficient and wholesome supply. These aqueducts were vast and noble buildings, with arches one above another, sometimes raised at an enormous cost. By means of these, water was brought along a distance of thirty or forty miles, and sometimes even much farther than this:-a course sometimes being cut for many miles through rocks and mountains.

Sometimes the aqueducts were carried across deep vallies, and looking like most splendid bridges, raised one over another, some of which still exist; and the ruins of many are to be seen, in different parts of the world, especially in those places which were formerly in the possession of the Romans. This is all needless in these days, as far as a supply of water is concerned; but aqueducts are sometimes now raised, that canals may be

1835.] ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 99 carried over vallies, where otherwise the water would be lost, and the whole object of the canals would be defeated. There are several such as these, upon a small scale, in different parts of our own country, where a traveller passing under an archway may see boats moving along over his head. There are some beautiful aqueducts of this description in North Wales, for the purpose of extending the canals over the beautiful vale of Llangollen, which probably many of our readers have seen. The wood-cut annexed is the ruin of an aqueduct in France. It is called the Pont-du-gard, and is supposed to have been built by the Romans, in former days, for the sake of supplying the city of Nismes with water.

V.

ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH HISTORY.

(In our last Number, p. 58.)

Answer 1. Queen Elizabeth was never married.

A. 2. The heir to the English throne was James VI. of Scotland;-he was descended from a daughter of Henry VII. king of England, so that he was now king of England and Scotland too: he was James I. of England, and James VI. of Scotland.

A. 3. A conspiracy was formed against the king by Lord Grey, Lord Cobham, and Sir Walter Raleigh.

A. 4. These conspirators were condemned to lose their lives; but Lords Grey and Cobham were pardoned, after having laid their heads on the block; Sir Walter Raleigh was confined in prison, where he remained for

many years.

par

A. 5. King James was a protestant,-although he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, who was herself a papist. A. 6. The "gunpowder plot," was contrived by some popish conspirators, for the sake of setting fire to the liament-house by gunpowder, concealed in a cellar, under the building. Guy Fawkes was the person employed to set fire to the train. The plot was discovered_by_a mysterious letter having been sent to one of the Lords, whom one of the conspirators wished to save from the destruction.

A. 7. Sir Walter Raleigh was allowed to go on an ex

pedition to America, where he said that he could discover some rich gold mines. He gave great offence to the Spaniards who were settled in that country; and they complained to the English of his behaviour. The English were anxious to avoid a quarrel with the Spaniards, and therefore took their part against Sir Walter, who was beheaded, not for his present offence, but, on the warrant for his execution, on account of his former conspiracy fifteen years before. This was considered a hard and cruel case.

A. 8. King James died in the year 1625.

QUESTIONS FOR THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
(To be answered in our next.)

V.

Question 1. Who became king of England, after James I.

Q. 2. Was the nation at war when King Charles came to the throne ?

Q. 3. Did the parliament readily grant the needful supplies for the war?

Q. 4. How did the king seek to raise supplies?

Q. 5. Was there a quarrel between the king and the parliament ?

Q. 6. What nobleman was in great favour with the king?

Q. 7. What became of the Duke of Buckingham? Q. 8. Was there war between the king and the parliament ?

Q. 9. In what battle do we first hear of Oliver Cromwell?

Q. 10. Where is Naseby, and what occurred there? Q. 11. Was the king brought to trial? And what was the result ?

Q. 12. How old was King Charles when he was beheaded, and how many years had he reigned?

Q. 13. In what year, what month, and what day of the month was he beheaded?

THE HOLLY.

V.

THE lower branches of the holly are well armed with prickles, and sharply do they defend themselves from

1835.]

AWFUL WARNING.

101

assault; but as the tree grows higher, and more out of the reach of danger, these prickles are less frequent. The wood is exceedingly hard, solid and heavy, and is worked by cabinet-makers and engravers on wood. This tree sometimes grows to a considerable size: in Needwood Forest, in Staffordshire, it is peculiarly luxuriant; and in all our shrubberies, hedges or commons, it is a universal grower and a great ornament. F.

AWFUL WARNING.

WE are not, generally, very much inclined to introduce into our pages the accounts of awful judgments, which we read in the newspapers, or which are sent to us by our correspondents,-both because we cannot always be sure of the correctness of the statements, and also because we believe, that the method of God's dealings with mankind is not, generally, by awful punishments in this world. But, still we do see many examples of his present anger against sin; and to make light of these is exposing ourselves, in a fearful manner, to the just judgments of God, and laying up for ourselves a store of wrath, against the day of wrath, when an account will be required of us at the judgment seat of Christ. Let every warning which is afforded us in this world, teach us to be "wise in time." The Scriptural application of these warnings is, "Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish." The following account is taken from the Globe newspaper.

As police-constable, James Arnold, T., No. 69, was lately on his beat at Hammersmith, he heard a disturbance in the direction of the Broadway. He immediately proceeded to the spot, where he found a woman, named Mary Aldridge, and her husband, quarrelling together. She, on his arrival, was calling on God in a most awful manner to strike her blind or speechless, &c., if she had done something of which her husband was accusing her. Not having seen any blows struck, the policeman could not interfere, and, after moving them on, walked away. On the next night, the attention of the policeman was again called to the same parties, who were again quarrelling as they were returning from a party in the Broadway. Mrs.