eight. On November 16, I made impressions and tracings of all the members of the Bagobo household, including the above-mentioned boy and girl. Comparing the tracings, marked difference was observed between the old and the new, the latter showing

FIG. 11.-A PHOTOGRAPH OF PLASTER CAST OF FOOT OF BAGOBO BOY THAT HAD WORN SHOES A FEW MONTHS, CONTRASTED WITH B, PHOTOGRAPH OF AN ADULT BAGOBO THAT HAD NEVER WORN SHOES.

narrowing of the front of the foot, and the direction of the long axis of the great toe somewhat changed. (Fig. 10.) The cause of this was not hard to find. Late in October, the weather be

PAINLESS COMPRESSION OF FEET IN BAREFOOTED PEOPLES. BONTOC IGORROTE AND MORO. SOLID LINES SHOW NORMAL FOOT OUTLINES; DOTTED ONES, OUTLINES OF SAME FEET MANUALLY COMPRESSED WITHOUT PAIN. COMPARE WITH FIG. 13.

coming too cold for the tropic-born Bagobos to wear their native costumes with any degree of comfort, most of them, including these two children, began wearing shoes, which, made over the

conventional American lasts, were, of course, much too narrow for their feet of pristine form. Another Bagobo boy of twelve, who had worn shoes for a number of months before leaving his native island, presented well advanced shoe deformity. Fig. 11 shows a photograph of a plaster cast of one of his feet contrasted with that of an adult Bagobo male that had never worn shoes.

Though shoe-wearing evidently made some of the primitive Filipinos very uncomfortable, it was remarkable that the ma

FIG. 13. RANGE OF PAINLESS COMPRESSION OF SHOE-WEARING FEET. COMPARE WITH FIG. 12.

jority appeared but little inconvenienced by their first trial of footwear, which was not, in many instances, much over half the normal width of the foot it concealed. This led me to determine to what extent it was possible to painlessly compress their feet. Two records of these experiments, one in a Moro and the other in a Bontoc Igorrote, both adult males, are shown in Fig. 12. The solid lines show the normal foot outlines and the dotted ones show outlines of the same feet manually compressed without pain. In Fig. 13 are shown the results of similar experiments

The range of painless

on adults of a shoe-wearing community. compression, while not as great as in the barefoot, is considerable. If foot compression always led to immediate and severe discomfort, it would not, perhaps, be quite so common. Never

SHOW OUTLINES OF FEET; DOTTED ONES, OUTLINES OF SHOES WORN ON THESE FEET.

theless, painful or painless, when long continued, it must result in irreparable damage.

Fig. 14 represents outlines of feet and their coverings as found