smaller book to get them through their examinations. Considered as a textbook on pathology this little volume does not measure up to the standard of University textbooks.

The Medical Sciences in the German Universities. A Study in the History of Civilization. Translated from the German of Theodor Billroth. With an introduction by William H. Welch. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1924. Pages 292, 15 x 23 cm. Cloth.

Although this book on medical education was published nearly fifty years ago, it has never before been translated into English, and has, therefore, never been brought to the attention of many people in this country actively concerned with matters of medical education, but without an intimate knowledge of German medical literature. Its appearance at this late date, as Professor Welch says, might seem to demand an explanation, if not an apology. The work itself furnishes the key to the explanation, but a proper apology is less easy. We are overwhelmed in this country with a great mass of inferior, platitudinous and ephemeral writings on medical education. Billroth's work is a classic, a work of enduring value, with a breadth of view and a clear enunciation of principles so sound and as needful of utterance as when first written. It is as suggestive and stimulating in its treatment of fundamental problems of medical education as it was fifty years ago, and is just as much needed today, perhaps even more so in the present phase of development of our medical schools. Although the times have changed revealing Billroth's short-sightedness as to the development of modern preventive medicine and modern surgery, it is surprising how sound his opinions and conclusions on problems of medical education, at the present time acute with us, still appear to be, so that little allowance need be made in estimating the medical value of this book for the present day. It should be read by every educator, particularly by those gentlemen who are so busily occupied in playing with the curriculum.

Psychopathology. By EDWARD J. KEMPF, M.D., Clinical Psychiatrist to St. Elizabeth's Hospital (Formerly Government

Hospital for the Insane), Washington, D. C. C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 1921. 762 pages and 87 illustrations. 25 x 17 cm. Cloth. Price $10.00. This book has been written for the professional student of human behavior who must have an unprejudiced insight into human nature in order to deal justly and intelligently with problems of abnormal behavior as they are brought to the physician, police court, prison and asylums, to directors of schools and colleges and the commanders of military and naval organizations. The greater part of the book is made up of plain expositions of the actual difficulties of cases drawn for the chief part from those admitted to St. Elizabeth's Hospital. They contain a great amount of valuable data on delusions, hallucinations, symbols, symptoms, defensive and compensatory methods of thinking, different types of inferiorities and causes of inferiorities. There are fifteen chapters on the physiological foundations of the personality; psychology of the family; the universal struggle for goodness, virility and happiness; influence of organic and functional inferiorities upon the personality; the classification of neuroses and psychoses produced by distortion of autonomic-affective functions; the mechanism of the suppression of anxiety neuroses, repression or psychoneurosis, their mechanisms and relation to psychoses due to repressed autonomic cravings; benign compensation or regression neuroses; pernicious repression compensation neuroses; psychopathology of the acute homosexual panic; psychopathology of chronic pernicious dissociation of the personality in its different types; autonomic affective determinants of abnormal variations of behavior; and psychotherapeutic principles. The terminology used in the chapter headings will suffice to show the replacement of the old Kraepelin psychiatry by a more modern classification based chiefly upon Freudian conceptions. It is inevitable, therefore, that a very large part of the material is concerned with sex-motives, sex-abnormal-behavior, sexsymbols, and the like. These occupy the center of the stage-too much so some readers will think-and symbols are certainly over-worked. The illustrations are chiefly erotic in character.

Bernard considered that the disappearance of the sugar was due to oxidation. He found also that acetic acid causes glycolysis to be decreased, the blood sugar remaining unchanged twenty-four hours after the addition of the acid. The gradual diminution of the blood sugar during later periods was probably due to bacterial activity.

In his observations of the amount of glycogen in the blood of normal dogs Claude Bernard found it necessary to look for glycogen immediately after the blood had been drawn from the vessels of the animals, because at varying later periods, according to the surrounding temperature, it was destroyed by a process of fermentation. A similar disappearance of glycogen (as also of levulose, maltose, and gelatose) occurs when sugar is added to the blood in vitro.

Klein offers the following observations of the time factor:

Sugar in fasting blood immediately after veno puncture, 162 mgm. per 100 cc. Sugar in fasting blood 3 hours later, 40 mgm. per 100 cc.

Vandeput found that the rapidity of glycolysis is in direct relation to the percentage of sugar in the blood.

Edelmann found that the process of glycolysis proceeds most rapidly during the first six hours after the blood is drawn; that the power of glycolysis is retained in laked blood; that in depancreatized dogs it is greatly diminished and may entirely disappear in time; and that after thyreoparathyroidectomy the process is delayed for the first six hours, but thereafter is the same as in normal blood.

Abderhalden and Rathsmann (referred to by Milne and Peters) report that normal dog-serum possesses no glycolytic power, but acquires this power after a large meal or the ingestion of large quantities of sugar. Milne and Peters on the other hand found no glycolytic action under the above conditions and contrary to French authors, these observers found no evidence of the presence of any glycolytic enzyme; and that laking the blood with distilled water prevented the destruction of glucose. They conclude that the sugar that disappears when blood stands is taken up and destroyed or changed by the corpuscles; and therefore can not be recovered as glucose, this process being active for from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. The serum and corpuscles of depancreatized diabetic dogs or of dogs with phloridzin glycosuria behave in all respects like normal blood.

Arthus has pointed out the relatively slow rate of glycolysis in the first one and one-half hours after the blood is taken. He was the first to study the influence of temperature on the glycolytic rate, which increases as the temperature rises.

Birchard tried to determine whether the decrease of blood sugar in vitro goes on at a uniform rate, so that a definite "per cent loss per hour" could be established. He found that in blood kept on ice, the approximate rate at which the sugar disappeared from the blood was about 12 per cent in the first three hours, 22 per cent in six hours, 32 per cent in twenty-four hours. He found also that the protein-free filtrate maintained a practically constant sugar content for at