though a large dose would be fatal, a doctor could use a poison in smaller quantities with good effects. But this is not so pointed and involves a further departure from the MSS. 1011. See the notes on ll. 953, 955. pellis=spolia ferarum; see 1. 954. 1012. The beginnings of the formation of the family. Munro supplied the italicized line to complete the sense, which was defective owing to the loss of a verse. lecti socialia iura, 'the ties and laws of wedlock.' 1015. curavit ut-effecit ut. alsia, 'cold,' once in Lucretius, twice in Cicero: the word is connected with algeo, alsi. ignis: see I. 953. Darwin says the discovery of fire was probably the greatest man ever made, excepting that of language. 1016. Contrast this with the hardier habits of 1. 970-2, 'no longer as before.' 1017-8. Children began to take freer liberties with their parents. 1019. amicitiem: for amicitiam. 1. 1047 notities, l. 1267 materiem; iii. 59 avarities. This is the beginning of the social contract of mutual advantage between men. 1021. commendarunt,' claimed indulgence for.' 1024. omnimodis. Cf. 'multimodis (multi' modis), mirimodis (miri' modis)': so this should be omnibumodis. 1025. bona magnaque pars: so in Ter. Eun. i. 2. 43 ‘bonam magnamque partem.' Duff compares 'pleno bene,' l. 708. caste = inviolata. 1026. aut = ei de μý, 'otherwise.' 1027. Cf. 11. 850, 856. 1028. There is a good description of the early life of mankind in Hor. Sat. i. 3. 99-111: cum prorepserunt primis animalia terris, mutum et turpe pecus, glandem atque cubilia propter pugnabant armis quae post fabricaverat usus, iura inventa metu iniusti fateare necesse est. 1029. expressit = emittere coegit, 'wrested,' ' elicited.' Lucretius holds the view that the names were given gradually by a natural instinct and desire on the part of the individual to express his wishes and feelings. Contrast with this view the account given in Genesis, where the story says that all animals were brought to Adam and he gave each one its name. 1030. 'In a very similar way inability to speak is in its turn seen to prompt infants to point and to beckon.' infantia: Hor. Šat. ii. 5. 39 ‘seu rubra Canicula findet infantes statuas', 'statues that cannot speak.' 1032. cum facit ut, when it causes them to.' sint: the subjunctive is possibly due to the feeling in Lucretius' mind that their reason for pointing is their wish to ask some question about the object: sint then is an indirect question. 1033. vis: for viris as in ii. 586, iii. 266. vis; to be taken either (1) with sentit, 'as to his powers each man feels...'; this is probably the correct way of taking the passage, owing to the position of quisque between vis and suas, as it would be distinctly awkward to extract quisque from its enclosed place and to separate it from the two words that confine it: or (2) with abuti, which in Plaut. and Terence frequently governs the accusat. So we have in 1. 358 'neque fungitur hilum'. Of abutor Duff says = ἀποχρῆσθαι here, often = καταχρῆσθαι. 1433. quoad is scanned by synizesis as one long syllable; cf. ll. 1213, 1034. vitulo: dative of possessor. 1035. illis: i.e. cornibus. Hor. Od. iii. 13. 3 ‘haedo, cui frons turgida cornibus primis et Venerem et proelia destinat'. inurget: a rare word, 'pushes' or 'butts'. Hor. Sat. ii. 1. 52 'dente lupus, cornu taurus petit', and Verg. Ecl. iii. 87 (taurus) cornu petat'. Wakefield adds Ov. Hal. 2 vitulus sic nempe minatur qui nondum gerit in tenera iam cornua fronte; sic dammae fugiunt, pugnant virtute leones, et morsu canis, et caudae sic scorpios ictu'. That is, in all animals we find that instinct causes them to act in the way natural to their kind, even before they have been taught by actual experience: this is worked out in the next few lines. 1036. scymni: a word characteristically chosen by Lucretius as being parallel to catuli. iam tum, 'even at this early age.' 1040. tremulum well expresses the uncertain efforts of halffledged birds in their earliest attempts at flight. auxiliatum: аπ.λeу. auxilium. Cf. summatum, l. 1142. 1041. proinde: dissyllabic, ‘and so.' aliquem, 'one distinct person.' inde refers back to the aliquem, 'and it was from him men learned': cf. the use of inde, 1. 1093. putare is subject to est. 1045. Munro compares the same phrase in 11. 756, 765. In full it is equivalent to tamen tempore eodem: the phrase is to be taken with putentur. non quisse (= quivisse): for nequivisse. 1047. fuerant: the pluperfect of the auxiliary marks a very strong pluperfect time. notities: see note on amicitiem, l. 1019. This is a poetical, though not a strictly accurate translation of Epicurus' πpóλŋvis, which is preconception based on knowledge gained from former experiences; see the Introduction, 'Philosophy of Epicurus.' Cf. 1. 182 'notities divis hominum unde est insita primum, quid vellent facere ut scirent animoque viderent?' i.e. what pattern for the creation of man could be present in the minds of the gods to enable them to realize what was their real object and wish? for if they had no preconceived idea of man, they could have no pattern to follow in their work of creation. So too if man had no preconception of voice he never either could or would have used it. 1048. huic: i.e. the aliquem of l. 1041. 1049. See note on 1047. Notice sciret lengthened by the emphatic beat: so in English poetry, especially in the hymns we have frequent instances of syllables usually short being lengthened by the beat. The only other example in Lucretius is 'fulget' ii. 27. 1050. cogere... victosque domare: see on 1. 792. 1052. suadereque: see on esseque, 1. 874. Successful efforts have recently been made, especially in America, to teach those who are both deaf and blind to talk. 1053. quid sit opus facto: facto depends on opus, which takes the ablative. quid is an accusat. of reference. See note on 1. 844. In Terence Ad. iii. 4. 65 'moneo quid facto opus sit'. Plaut. Truc. v. Io 'opus est cibum'. 1054. amplius, 'further, longer, too long,' so 'continually.' 1057. vigeret: subjunctive after cui = quippe cui, Duff. 1058. pro vario sensu, according to their different emotions,' pleasure, grief or fear, &c.; cf. 1. 1061 and note on 1. 1063. 1059. mutae: of inarticulate sounds, see note on 1. 1088. denique, 'actually.' 1061. gliscunt: literally 'swell,' i. e. their hearts swell with joy or passion (dolor, 'resentment'); cf. iv. 1069 'inque dies gliscit furor'. 1062. quippe etenim: so in l. 1169 a redundant expression 'for.' = rebus apertis, 'from plain' or 'obvious facts.' So in iv. 467. 'nam nil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas ab dubiis’. 1063. Munro quotes Darwin: 'the dog since being domesticated has learnt to bark in at least four or five distinct tones.' Molossi (canes is often omitted) were a famous breed of large dogs celebrated throughout all Latin literature. 1064. mollia ricta, 'spongy open lips.' ricta: an irregular plural from collateral form rictum as in vi. 1195. Observe the number of adjectives without connecting particles; asyndeton is very common in Lucretius; cf. ll. 948, 1096, 1436. 1065. restricta: bare or show their teeth, as in Quint. Decl. xii. 27' restrictis labris'. 1066. et cum, 'than when...' so again in ll. 1067, 1071, 1077. After alius, ac or atque is more common than et; see note on l. 1260. iam, 'outright.' omnia: sc. loca. 1069. 'pretend to bite them gently with lightly closing jaws.' Munro seems to put it rather too strongly 'a feint of swallowing them. For haustus see note on 1. 991. Munro quotes a passage, 'nec blandis mihi morsibus renides,' from an epigram on a pet dog, Myia, written perhaps in the first century A.D., and found at Agen à Auch in South France: apparently it is in imitation of Catull. iii. 1070. alio pacto=alia ratione; cf. 1, 1281; it is common throughout Latin. gannitu, ‘yelping.' adulant: rarer than adulantur, caress,' literally, 'fawn on.' 1071. et cum: as above, l. 1066. baubantur, 'bay,' dr. λey. 1072. plorantes, 'whining' or 'howling.' summisso corpore, 'crouching,' with the tail between the legs. 1074. iuvencus: the adjective is rare in this use: the word is more common as a substantive or with bos understood. It is also used of young men and maidens. 1075. pinnigeri. Cf. 1. 737 'Veneris praenuntius ante pennatus graditur'. calcaribus amoris: so we have in Verg. Georg. iii. 209 'sed non ulla magis vires industria firmat quam Venerem et caeci stimulos avertere amoris, sive boum sive est cui gratior usus equorum'. 1076. 'he snorts out the alarm': ad arma, aux armes, this is the cry of the sentinel warning his comrades, here of the horse snorting to attract his mate. 1077. sic alias=at any chance time. concussis artubus: his limbs pulsing and quivering with life. 1078. Notice the redundancy of expression. 1079. ossifragae, 'osprey,' which is itself derived from the Latin. Again the phraseology is tautological, marinis fluctibus in salso victum vitamque, as in l. 1105. salsum is here a noun. Duff compares in tranquillo, used as a substantive, 1. 12. 1081. iaciunt=mittere, l. 1029. Duff's theory that some line, as 'et cum progeniem parvam nidosque revisunt', cf. Verg. Georg. i. 414 iuvat progeniem parvam dulcesque revisere nidos,' has dropped out, is not only improbable owing to the double et cum in different senses so close together, but also absolutely unnecessary, for Lucretius says birds frequently utter cries quite distinct from those that they make when fighting over their prey: there is no need to add another point of difference. 1082. praedaeque ..., 'struggle with their prey': if praeda is read, it is governed by de. 1083. tempestatibus, along with the changes of weather.' Take una with cum: for the inversion cf. l. 1228. 1084. cornicum ut saecla vetusta: crows, rooks, and ravens are said to be long-lived. 1085. This superstitition is mentioned in Verg. Georg. i. 388 cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce'. Notice the redundancy of expression in l. 1086. 1087. Cf. 1. 1061. muta: of inarticulate sounds, so in l. 1059. 1089. tum: emphatic. aequum, 'natural,' right and fair by the rules of natural supe riority. 1091. For this and the following lines which amplify Lucretius' former remarks about fire, cf. 1. 953 and note. ne forte requiras: final not imperative; cf. 'ne forte credas', 1.890. 1093. primitus: ante- and post-classical. inde, 'and from it,' as in I. 1042. 1095. fulgere. Cf. vi. 165 in the same position in the line. plaga 'the bolt of heaven has filled them with its glowing heat;' cf. l. 1220. 1096. et tamen, 'and apart from that,' as in 1. 1177, i. e. the following reason is in itself a sufficiently strong argument. Notice the two unconnected participles in addition to an adjective; see note on 1. 1064. Cf. with this passage i. 897-900 ‘fit . . . ut altis arboribus vicina cacumina summa terantur inter se, validis facere id cogentibus austris, donec flammai fulserunt flore coorto.' 1097. aestuat,' sways about,' others translate, 'grows hot.' But cf. 'fretis aestuosis', Hor. Od. ii. 7. 16. aestus is used in the same sense of turmoil and violent motion, l. 1435 ‘belli magnos commovit aestus'. 1099. flammai: see on aquai, 1. 946. 1100. mutua: adverbial neuter plural, as in iv. 301, for mutuo, which is impossible in hexameters. 1101. utrumque: subject to potest, ' either of these causes.' 1104. verberibus: a strong word of the heat caused by the striking of the sun's rays; cf. plaga, wλnyń. In 1. 484 we have radii solis cogebant terram verberibus crebris in artum.' 6 1105. victum vitamque. Cf. note on 1. 1079. The poetry from ll. 1105-1240 includes some of the finest in this book. 1106. rebu': ablative of exchange. 1108. The beginnings of a more united and elaborate civilization: see the quotation from Horace on 1. 1028. 1109. Duff recalls the original meaning of praesidium (from praesidere, a place to rule in). It is, however, more in accordance with Lucretius' custom to redouble his synonyms for emphasis rather than to search for slight differences in meaning, which had practically vanished in his time. IIII. The personal qualities of men, from which owing to a strongly hereditary tendency an aristocracy was gradually evolved. Monarchy is the earliest form of government after the first combination of families: this is followed by a monarchy tempered by an aristocratic element. Later comes the time when power of wealth supersedes influence of rank and gradually a plutocracy or democracy becomes the final governing principle. 1112. vigebant, 'were held in high honour.' 1113. res, 'property,' 'wealth.' Lucretius deplores the power |