HEYER, hi'er, GUSTAV (1826-83). A distinguished German forester, son of Karl Justus Heyer (q.v.). He was born at Giessen, and studied at the University of Giessen, where at the age of twenty-seven he became professor of forestry. In 1868 he was appointed director of the Academy of Forestry at Münden, a post which he resigned in 1878, to accept a professor's chair in the University of Munich. From 1856 to 1878 he edited the Allgemeine Forst und Jagdzeitung. Among his many works on forestry may be mentioned: Lehrbuch der forstlichen Bodenkunde und Klimatologie (Erlangen, 1856); Anleitung zur Waldwertrechnung (Leipzig, 1895; 4th ed. 1892); Handbuch der forstlichen Statik (Leipzig, 1871). HEYER, KARL JUSTUS (1797-1856). A noted German forester. He was born at Bessungen near

Darmstadt, studied at Giessen and at Tharand, and at the age of twenty-one took active part in practical forestry, especially in the vicinity of Darmstadt, where he was then lecturing on forestry. In 1825 he was appointed instructor in the school of forestry at the University of Giessen, where, after having been also practical forester for Count Erbach-Fürstenau for four years, commencing in 1831, he became professor of forestry in 1835, a post he held until his death. During his incumbency he made many interesting contributions to the subject of forestry, in recognition of which a monument was erected in his honor at Giessen in 1892. Among his works may be mentioned: Beiträge zur Forstwissenschaft (Giessen, 1842 and 1847); Anleitung zu forststatischen Untersuchungen (Giessen, 1846); Der Waldbau oder die Forstproduktenzucht (Leipzig, 1854; 4th ed. by Richard Hess, 189193).

HEYLLI, â'ye', EDMOND ANTOINE POINSOT, called GEORGES D' (1833-). A French bibliographer and editor. He was born at Nogentsur-Seine, and in 1877 became chief of the Bureau of the Legion of Honor. He is best known as a collector of anecdotes about celebrities, Louis XV., Countess du Barry, Mme. Emile de Girardin, Marshal Ney, Madame Rachel, and others, and published a number of books, such as Le scandale au théâtre (1864); Dictionnaire des pseudonymes (1867), of which a third and enJarged edition came out twenty years later. He founded (1876) the Gazette Anecdotique, Littéraire, Théâtrale, brought out curious editions of Manon Lescaut and of Paul et Virginie, and collected a number of interesting documents relating to the War of 1870 and the Commune.

HEYLYN, hiʼlin, PETER (1600-62). A Church of England divine. He was born at Burford, in Oxfordshire, November 29, 1600. He studied at Oxford, and through the interest of Laud, in whose theory of Church and King he devoutly believed, was appointed chaplain-in-ordinary to King Charles in 1630. Subsequently he held a variety of livings, but was deprived of them during the period of the Commonwealth. In 1651 he became blind. At the Restoration he was made subdean of Westminster as a reward for his literary services to the roval cause. He died in London, May 8, 1662. Heylyn was a very volu minous controversial writer, but his works are of no value now, except as illustrative of the age in which he lived and the ecclesiastical party to

HEYNE, hi'ne, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB (17291812). A German classical scholar, born at Chemnitz, in Upper Saxony, September 25, 1729. His father was a poor weaver. The pastor of Chemnitz, himself very poor, had Heyne educated at a school in the suburbs, and afterwards sent him to the University of Leipzig, where he suffered from extreme poverty. In 1753 he obtained a situation as copyist in the Brühl Library at Dresden. While in this office, he prepared his edition of Tibullus, which appeared in 1755, and roused the admiration of Ruhnken of Leyden. In 1756, unfortunately for Heyne, the Seven Years' War broke out. Frederick the Great marched against Dresden, and burned, among other things, the Brühl Library, but not before Heyne had edited, from a codex there, the Enchiridion of Epictetus. For some time he led a precarious life, being often without employment and without bread. In 1761 he married, and supported himself as best he could by writing for the booksellers; and in 1763 he was appointed professor of rhetoric at Göttingen on the recommendation of Ruhnken. This closed his period of misfortune. The rest of his long life was spent in comfort and professional activity. He died July 14, 1812. The principal works of Heyne, besides those mentioned, are his editions of Ver

gil (1767, 6th ed. 1803); Pindar (1774); Apollodorus (1787); Pliny (1790); Conon and Parthenius (1798); and Homer (8 vols., 1892; 2d ed. 1804). He published many translations, besides some ten or twelve volumes of minor works, of which six volumes were published separately under the title of Opuscula Academica (Göttingen, 1785-1812); and, finally, a great many reviews of books in the Göttinger Gelehrte Anzeigen, of which he was editor from 1770. In addition to this work, he had a seminar for the advanced study of philology and classical antiquity, from which he sent forth, in the course of his life, no fewer than 135 professors. Consult the life of Heyne by his son-in-law, Ludwig Heeren (Göttingen, 1813), and Carlyle's essay, On the Life of Heyne.

HEYNE, MORITZ (1837-). A Germanic philologist. He was born at Weissenfels, studied at Halle, and became docent there in 1864, and professor in 1869. In the following year he went to Basel as professor of German language and literature, and in 1883 was called to a similar chair at Göttingen. His most widely known work is that in the continuation of Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch (in which he edited the letter H, I, J, L, M, R, and part of S) and his own Deutsches Wörterbuch (189095). More important possibly is his work in phonetics and old Germanic literature: Kurze Laut- und Flexionslehre der alt germanischen Dialekte (3d ed. 1880); Altsächsische und altniederfränkische Grammatik (1873); editions of Beowulf (6th ed. 1898; also a metrical translation of Beowulf, 1898); of Heliand (3d ed. 1883); and Altdeutsch-lateinische Spielmannsgedichte des zehnten Jahrhunderts (1900); and in antiquities: Kunst im Hause (1881-83) and Fünf Bücher deutscher Hausaltertümer (1899-1901, the first two parts).

HEYNLIN, 'lan', JOHANNES (c.1425-96). A prominent theologian and humanist of the fif

two electric-light plants, one of which is owned by the city. Pop., 1900, 2829; 1905, 3017.

HIAWATHA, hi'à-wa'tȧ or -thå. A narrative poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, founded on an Indian legend preserved in Schoolcraft's Algic Researches, and History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. However, the miraculously born hero is declared to be an Iroquois and not an Ojibway; according to other sources. Longfellow adopted the metre of the Finnish epic Kalevala, and was accused of taking the entire plan from that poem. But the incidents common to both show merely

the recurrence of early myths.

HIB'BERT LECTURES, THE. A course of lectures given annually in London, discussing some unsettled problem in religion or theology. The lectures are supported from a fund left by Robert Hibbert, a Jamaica merchant, who died in 1849, leaving his property in trust for the promotion of scholarship, particularly among Unitarians. By a wise provision the trustees were empowered to revise the terms of administration from time to time, and in the exercise of this power they established the lectures in 1878. The first series was delivered in that year by F. Max Müller on "The Origin and Growth of Religion," and succeeding series have been given by Kuenen, Beard, Reville, Page Renouf, Renan, Rhys Davids, Pfleiderer, Rhys, Sayce, Hatch, and others.

HIBERNATION (Fr. hibernation, hivernation, from Lat. hibernare, to hibernate, from hibernus, winter, from hiems, winter, Gk. xiv, chion, Skt. hima, Av. zima, winter), AND ESTIVATION (Fr. estivation, from Lat. æstivare, to pass the summer, from aestivus, pertaining to the summer, from æstas, summer; connected with Lat. astus, heat, Gk. albe, aithein, to burn, AS. id, funeral pile, Skt. idh, to kindle). A physiological state of dormant vitality in which many animals in northern countries are able to pass the winter. It should not be confused with the torpor of freezing, which is a pathological and usually a fatal condition. The immediate cause of hibernation is not cold, for many animals go into their winter sleep some time before winter is on. Nor is it the lack of food, for the great bat begins sometimes to hibernate as early as the end of July, at a time when its insect food is still abundant. Moreover, the winter season is not the only one passed by animals in this kind of torpor. In dry countries, at the approach of the dry season, when moisture, herbage, and consequently animal food will be scarce, many kinds of animals are enabled to survive until the time of plenty again by going into a prolonged stupor, which seems not to be very different in kind or duration from the hibernation of northern forms. The Germans have for these two conditions the words 'Winterschlaf' (winter sleep) and 'Sommerschlaf' (summer sleep). The latter state is known in English as 'estivation.' DORMANT VITALITY, or 'rigor,' is a term used for an apparent suspension of vital activity, distinguished from death by the possibility of resuscitation. Two general classes may be distinguished: (1) Dormant vitality induced by external conditions; and (2) dormant vitality determined by internal conditions. The first class is of three kinds: (a) Desiccation rigor. There are certain animals, notably rotifers, tar

digrades, and nematodes, which can be dried in a vacuum until they become immobile, and can remain thus immobile for days or even months until, on the addition of water, they become active again. The organism has probably not lost all of its water, but has passed into an encysted condition; it is not dead, but its metabolism is greatly reduced. Even snails and other from complete loss of water may live for months animals which can protect their internal tissues without showing external activity. rigor is induced in green plants and even in from the light. The sensitive plant treated thus certain fungi by their removal for several days

(b) Dark

becomes immobile. Light is essential to move. ment. The reverse, or light rigor,' has been seen in bacteria. (c) Heat rigor.—The sensitive plant, muscle, and various other forms of protoplasm become quiescent at a temperature a few degrees below that at which they are killed by heat. The rigor seems to be due to the beginning of the death changes. Cold rigor occurs in simple protoplasm as it approaches the zero (centigrade) temperature. The chlorophyll granules of Vallisneria move only about one mm. per minute at 1° C., and not at all at 0°; the rotation of Nitella ceases at 0° C.; in Tradescantia hairs, movement is wholly arrested on freezing the cellcap. Even in seeds and bacteria, which are not killed by the lowest temperatures, all vital activities have probably ceased at 0°, for De Candolle found that in only one species out of ten could he get a seed kept at 0° to germinate, and even then germination was so retarded that it took from 11 to 17 days as opposed to 4 days at 5.7°. Likewise, bacteria do not multiply below 5° to 10°. Among animals Kuhne found Amoeba cooled to near 0° almost motionless. Purkinje and Valentin first noticed that the ciliated epithelium of the frog ceased its movements at 0°. Muscles of the frog were found by Kuhne to become at -3° to -7° a solid lump, which did not, however, wholly lack irritability. The evidence of all these cases shows that activity nearly ceases in protoplasm at or near 0° C.

Determined by internal conditions, seeds, resting spores, cysts, gemmules of sponges, and statoblasts of Bryozoa are all conditions of natural dormant vitality. The period of dormancy is not unlimited, however, the alleged germination of seeds many hundred years old not being confirmed. This indicates that even with a slow rate of living the food material eventually becomes exhausted.

Belief in human dormancy rests largely upon a certain collection of cases observed in India

and published by James Braid.

PHENOMENA OF HIBERNATION AND ESTIVATION.

The physiological facts mentioned above must be considered in studying the phenomena of habitual animal dormancy under conditions of winter, seasons of drought, and so on. The respiration in winter sleep is diminished much more than in ordinary sleep, and consequently the heart-beat is very slow. The digestive organs are practically inactive. Many animals void almost no fæces during this period, and the anal opening of those bears that hibernate is closed by a resinous plug known to hunters as the 'seal.' The temperature of the body is lowered to that or nearly that of the air. The voluntary control of the muscles is lost, but there is an increased muscular irritability, an unusual sensitiveness to external

stimuli. The slightest touch possible, even on the end of a quill of a hibernating porcupine, will result in deep breathing and perhaps muscular movements. There can be no sharp line drawn between normal sleep and the lethargy of hibernation, for there are all gradations in the depth and duration of this lethargy, beginning at the one end of the scale with what might, perhaps, be simply termed sleep, and ending with animals that do not once wake up from the hibernating stupor until the time for its final termination has come.

Nearly all of the burrowing rodents are hibernaters, especially, in the United States, the woodchuck. A number of animals indulge in alternate periods of waking and hibernation. The English squirrel, the hedgehog, and the mourning-cloak butterfly are frequently awake on warm days in winter. Grain-storing animals spend a great deal of their time in sleep, but when hungry they awake to partake of their food-supply, or go outside in search of fresh food if weather permits. In the case of the northern brown, black, and polar bears only the female hibernates in the strict sense of the word, probably because she must remain quiet until her young is born, often before the snow releases her. The males sleep a great deal, but they go out now and then in search of food. A number of animals of wide range of distribution hibernate in the northern but not in the southernmost parts of their range. Such is the case with the American prairie-dogs and the skunk. In the centre of their range they are awake and active during warm winters or warm days in winter. Thus there are all degrees of torpidity, and likewise gradations be tween ordinary periodical sleep and hibernating dormancy. Although we cannot understand why animals of one species should be active in winter while those of a nearly related species should hibernate, as is the case among mice, nevertheless, it is probably of advantage in the struggle for existence, since it enables animals to remain in certain geographical areas in which they could not possibly survive without long and perilous migrations twice each year. This is especially true of the small vegetable-eating animals of northern plains.

Mammals usually hibernate in hollow logs, in trees, in caverns, or even in burrows in the ground. Usually their winter homes are made additionally fitting by a bed or nest of dry grass and autumn leaves. Most of the hibernaters are entirely or in part vegetable feeders. All the grain-storing species are active all winter,

or else are intermittent hibernaters.

Reptiles, amphibians, and some fishes hibernate. The land reptiles and amphibians bury themselves in the ground below frost-line and there remain until spring. Aquatic species, such as the water-turtles, burrow in the mud at the bottom of streams. A few fishes, such as carp, chub, minnows, and eels. likewise lie throughout the coldest part of the winter in the mud and debris at the bottom of the water. Various snakes crawl into crevices between rocks, or into hollows beneath stumps, or take possession of gopher-burrows and the like, or even burrow themselves into loose soil, and pass the winter often wrapped in a tangled mass composed of scores of individuals of the same species. The temperature of these sinks to that of the water or mud in which they lie; and those of a northern habitat

can endure a stress of cold to which individuals of the same species living in a warmer region will succumb.

Among the invertebrates, land-snails hibernate within their closed shells. They also afford the most conspicuous American example of estivation. When the dry, hot weather of midsummer approaches many species secrete two or three diaphragms across the aperture of their shells. and behind these remain as torpid as in winter until tempted out by a prolonged shower, until the autumn coolness and dampness arrive. Slugs bury themselves in the ground, and the bivalve mollusks in the mud at the bottom of streams and ponds. A great many of the other land invertebrates survive as eggs or spores which remain inactive during the winter, and begin to develop on the return of spring. Spiders, more or less active, hide under fallen leaves or bark, and in other secluded places. Insects pass the winter in all stages of development. Ꭺ number of beetles, flies, bugs, and a few butterflies winter as adults in northern climates. A large number of butterflies and moths pass the winter as pupa, frequently protected by a silken cocoon. Several kinds of caterpillars are able to survive the winter either in spun nets or in sheltered hollows or chinks. A vast host of insects survive as eggs, whose development is delayed until spring.

Upon waking from their stupor the heat of the body of hibernating animals very quickly increases to the normal. Hunger is probably the chief agent that calls such animals to activity again. The most profound sleepers can scarcely be kept awake when brought into a warm room and stimulated. Partial hibernaters, after a hearty meal in winter, resume their torpor again. The air under a bell jar, in which a hibernating dormouse is put, remains unchanged. Hall kept a hibernating bat under water fifteen minutes without fatal effect, while a wakened bat will succumb after three minutes. Carbon dioxide, which is speedily fatal to active animals, has no effect on a torpid marmot. Hibernaters lose their weight in winter to the extent of 30 to 40 per cent. This loss of weight indicates that, notwithstanding their great diminution, the vital processes are going on in the hibernating animal all the time.

Consult: Hall, "Hibernation." in Todd, Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. ii. (London, 1838); Browne, Animal Torpidity and Hibernation (Philadelphia, 1847); Semper, Animal Life (New York, 1881); Gadow, Beddard, Sharp, and other writers in the Cambridge Natural History (London, 1895-1903).

or

HIBERNIA, IVERNA, JUVERNA, IERNE (probably connected with Welsh Ywerddon, MBret. Yuerdon, Ir. Erin, Herin, Ireland, akin to Gk. Пepía, Pieria, name of a district in Greece, Skt. pivan, fat; cf. also MWelsh Ewyrdonic, Irish). Names by which Ireland is designated in the classical writers. Aristotle speaks of two islands situated in the ocean beyond the Pillars of Hercules, which were called Albion, and Ierne, beyond the Celta. Both Diodorus Siculus and Strabo report the natives to be addicted to cannibalism, but without proof. Pomponius Mela declares the herbage to be so luxuriant that the cattle which feed on it sometimes burst. Pliny repeats this statement, and adds that the Hibernian mother trains her child from the very