TERRITORIAL

William H. Wallace......

Caleb Lyon..

David W. Ballard.

Gilman Marston

Thomas M. Bowen.

Thomas W. Bennett. D. P. Thompson.. Mason Brayman. John B. Neil.

John N. Irwin.

William M. Bunn...

Edward A. Stevenson.

George L. Shoup...

George L. Shoup.

Norman B. Willey.

William J. McConnell....

.1863-64 .1864-66 .1866-70

......1871-75

.1880-83 .1883 .1884-85

STATE .Republican..

"

Frank Steunenberg... Democrat-Populist..

.1890 .1891-92 .1893-97 .1897-1901 1901-03

1905

Consult: Onderdonk, Idaho, Facts and Statistics Concerning Its Mining, Farming, and Industries (San Francisco, 1885); Bancroft, Washing ton, Idaho, and Montana (San Francisco, 1890).

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF. A State educational institution situated at Moscow, Idaho. It was founded in 1889, but was not opened for the reception of students until 1892. It is under the control of five regents, and offers free instruction to students of both sexes. There are courses in arts and science, schools of agriculture and applied science, departments of music and domestic science, and a preparatory school. It maintains an agricultural experiment station, and has organized farmers' institutes throughout the State. Military drill is required of preparatory students, and of freshmen and sophomores in the university. The degrees of B.A., B.M., and B.S. in agriculture and engineering are conferred. The attendance (1907) was 375, of whom about 250 are collegiate students. The library contains about 8000 volumes and 10,000 pamphlets. The endowment consists of 286,000 acres of land. The grounds and buildings are valued at $275,000, and the income is approximately $80,000.

IDAHO SPRINGS. A town in Clear Creek County, Colo., 37 miles west of Denver; on the Colorado and Southern Railroad (Map: Colorado, D 2). Picturesquely situated in the famous Clear Creek Cañon, at an elevation of 7543 feet, and having cold and hot soda springs,

it is one of the noted summer resorts of the State. In 1859 gold was first discovered in Colorado, at Jackson's Bar, within the present city limits. Up to 1902 the mineral production of the district was over $200,000,000. The town has a number of concentrating mills, machine-shops, lumber-yards, etc., and is famed for its mining tunnels. There is a public library. Population, in 1890, 1338; in 1900, 2502.

IDA LIUM (Lat., from Gk. 'Idáλov. Idalion). A town in Cyprus, adjoining which was a forest sacred to Aphrodite, who was hence sometimes called Idalia. The site is the modern Dalin.

IDDESLEIGH, idz'li, first Earl of. NORTHCOTE.

IDE (Norweg., Swed. id, roach). A fish (Leuciscus idus), closely allied to the roach. It inand ascends rivers in April and May to spawn. habits the lakes of the northern parts of Europe, It is excellent for the table. A gold-colored variety, called 'orfe,' is bred in Germany, and is sold extensively for ornamental aquariums.

IDEA (Lat., from Gk. idéa, form, from ideŵr, idein, to see; connected with Lat. videre, to see, Skt. vid, AS. witan, Eng. wit, to know). The term 'idea' has undergone a radical change of meaning in the history of psychology. "Employed by Plato to express the real form of the intelligible world, in lofty contrast to the unreal images of the sensible, it was lowered by Descartes, who extended it to the objects of our consciousness in general" (Hamilton). In modern philosophy the word has a distinctly empirical flavor. Locke (q.v.) defines idea as "whatsoever is the object of the understanding when a man thinks," "that which the mind is applied about whilst thinking," and the intellectualistic tendencies of the English Associationist school (see ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS) made ‘idea' almost equivalent to what is now termed 'mental process' (q.v.). In current psychological usage the word is either taken in a wide sense to denote the "conscious representation of some object or process of the external world" (Wundt), thus covering perception (q.v.), ideas restricted to the two latter categories, and opof memory, and ideas of imagination; or it is posed to perception, as a strictly re-presentative to a presentative process. Since there is no essential psychological difference between 're-presentation' and 'presentation,' the first and wider application of the term is preferable.

An idea which has been formed, after the manner of a composite photograph, from many ideas of similar character, and which has thus lost definiteness of detail, while it is liable to associative arousal at the hands of a large number of other ideas, is termed an 'abstract' idea. (See ABSTRACTION.) When the abstract idea is symbolic, and not pictorial-when, e.g., it is a word— it is named a 'concept.' Ideational masses of complex but vague contents, which require the operation of active attention to bring their constituents to separate recognition-such as our idea of the sentence that we are about to utter, or (on a still larger scale) our idea of self-are called 'aggregate' ideas. For ideas of memory and imagination, see those titles.

Consult: Sully, The Human Mind, vol. i. (London. 1892); Ladd. Psychology, Descriptive and Explanatory (New York, 1894); James, Prin

ID'EOGRAPHY (from Gk. lôéa, idea, idea +-ypapla, -graphia, a writing, from ypápei, graphein, to write). The art of representing ideas by graphic signs, as may be seen in the hieroglyphics (q.v.) found on the monumental relics of Egypt.

IDES. See under KALENDS.

IDIOCY (from Gk. lowrela, idiōteia, uncouthness, from idirns, idiotės, private citizen, from dos, idios; connected ultimately with Lat. suus, Skt. sva, own). A condition of arrest of development of the brain, and, in consequence, of the intellectual faculties, of the infant or child. If the non-development is such that the child is capable of feeding himself and of appreciating enough of his surroundings to avoid injury, the condition is usually termed imbecility. If there is no such evidence of mental capacity, idiocy is the term usually employed. Feeble-mindedness occupies an intermediate position between normality and imbecility. The defect or disease of the brain which interferes with normal evolution may be congenital or acquired; the cerebral functions may be all more or less involved. Ribot and also Sollier maintain that the slow develop ment of the cerebral faculties is due to want of attention; that spontaneous attention is caused by affective states brought into action by sensations, and that those young children are the most attentive whose nervous systems are most easily stimulated. Hence the faculty of attention is closely related to the activity of the sensations. The greater the power of attention, the more intelligent does the individual become. In idiocy, owing to the diminution or loss of the power of attention, the perceptions aroused by sensations are more or less indefinite, and the resultant idea likewise ill-defined. Sensations become more numerous as the organism develops, and the lack of ideas and recognitions becomes more noticeable. Frederick Peterson, whose translation of Sollier we quote, sounds a warning that there are other faculties of mind, such as will and memory, which are absolutely necessary to all subsequent mental activity, and adds that lack of the power of attention, while common in idiocy, cannot be taken in any way as distinguishing this condition of mind from other forms of mental impairment. Frequently somatic and especially cranial and facial characteristics are noticeable upon the birth of the idiot, though idiocy exists also when physical evidence is wanting. An idiot may not take the breast, may cry without motive and with different notes from normal children. Deafness or blindness may be congenital. The senses of smell and of taste may be undeveloped. The movements of the eyes may be irregular. The idiot may be slow in responding to the stimulus of touch; he may not laugh; thermic sensibility is diminished; a constant rhythmic, automatic motion may be present; he may not learn to walk, and all voluntary movements may be acquired late in youth, and imperfectly. Organic sensations are blunted, including hunger, thirst, desire for defecation or urination. Lack of the faculty of attention exists, owing to defective senses which convey feeble impressions to the brain, as well as to a lack of the affective state; the internal form of attention (reflection of Ribot) is absent or deficient in the idiot. He is practically incapable of preoccupation. His instincts are defective, whether of hunger or of self-preservation;

while the instinct of irritation is very strong; and the sexual instinct is seldom normal, being exaggerated, impaired, absent, or perverted. Occasionally remarkable special aptitudes are seen in idiots in the direction of music, mathematics, mechanical arts, drawing, painting, memory for facts or dates, playing certain games, and a low order of wit or drollery. It is said that the Court fools and jesters of ancient times were idiots of high grade or imbeciles, until others, seeing the emolument to be obtained, studied and practiced the art. Ribot says that Sikorski is authority for the statement that the activity and attention of normal children are mainly developed through play. Idiots for the greater part manifest little tendency to play, clinging to the simplest games of infancy and preferring solitary pastimes. Others of higher grade prefer noisy, destructive sports, and traits of brutality, selfishness, and quarrelsomeness are apparent. Civility and politeness are rarely acquired. Destructiveness, evidenced in their play, may develop into a vicious satisfaction in inflicting injury, commission of arson, or of homicide, or of self-mutilation. Sentiments and sensation are rudimentary or absent: the absence of ideas of right and wrong, the varying respect for authority, the absence of religious feeling, and the absence of veracity being especially noticeable.

It has been said that idiot children sometimes show facial characteristics at birth. They are always ungracious, uncouth, or ugly in figure, face, attitudes, or movements. Very common among them are misshapen or unsymmetrical heads, dwarfishness, lack of proportion of the limbs, stooping and slovenly postures, deformities of the hands or feet, and awkward gait (Peterson). The expression of the face varies from apathy to constant laughing, leering, or scowling; the mental characteristics being evident also. There may be deformities of the iris, cornea, or the lids of the eyes, as well as malformation of the nose, ears, and chin. Microcephalus, hydrocephalus, and cretinism are found in some idiots. There are speech defects. Sollier finds two kinds of mutism in idiots, a motor and a sensory aphasia (q.v.). In the first the idiot cannot talk, though he understands; in the second he understands nothing which is said. Language is developed late in the idiots who talk. As stated, when infants, their notes are not normal, but meaningless and monotonous cries take the place of the usual crowing of a baby. Speech disturbances are common, as regards both absence of words to express ideas, or imperfections of grammar, and also excessive and infinite loquacity. Reading is impossible in idiots who suffer from defects of the visual centres or the visual apparatus. The writing centre is the latest part of the linguistic cerebral equipment to be developed, together with its association tracts. They learn to reproduce letters, though never to write well, and they exhibit a tendency to write with the left hand, and also to write from right to left. They execute drawing only by copying, without perspective, or produce scrawls of fantastic na

ture.

From preceding statements it has been gathered that the intelligence of the idiot varies from the normal in different degrees. He has fewer ideas than the imbecile. Imitation does not furnish ideas for him: it simply centres on mechanism, except in the idiots of higher grade, in whom

the idea, assimilated by the intelligence, unfortunately is not retained, but lost. Sollier reminds us that memory is hereditary, organic, or acquired. (See MEMORY.) Hereditary memory exists often in idiots. Organic memory, or unconscious memory (as of walking and other associated movements), though sometimes completely absent in idiots, owing to defective nerve-centres and lack of attention, is nevertheless better developed than either hereditary or acquired memory. Attention being an absolute requisite for acquired memory, idiots are rarely possessed of this power. Memory fixed by repetition of sensation, without emotional basis, is found in educable idiots; as, e.g. memory of the location of the dining-room, of the bed, etc. The phenomenon of specialized memories, such as those for musical airs, or dates, for example, is inexplicable. Association of ideas, occurring, as it does, by resemblance, contrast, and contiguity, hardly exists in idiots. They experience an association of sensations. Judg ment and reason also are very faulty. Volitions do not exist in the lowest order of idiots. Voluntary control of the sphincters occurs in idiots who walk only after they have learned to do so. In higher idiots the will is manifested by more complex movements than actions accomplished for the satisfaction of natural needs and appetites; but even these complex movements may become secondarily automatic. Self-respect, to which one may appeal in an imbecile, is little developed in

the idiot.

As to the psychological development of an idiot points are reached in every case at which education ceases, and further mental progress is impossible. Peterson places the limits as follows: In the inferior types intellectual progress ceases at the age of six or seven, and sentiments and senses continue their development to eighteen or twenty; while in the superior grades the improvement of senses, sentiments, and intellect may all cease about puberty. Retrogression may occur, following the same law as dementia, to wit, enfeeblement of will, intelligence, sentiments, and sensations in this order. The causes of idiocy are various. Its elements are in many instances hereditary, that is to say, a course of conduct in a parent which tends to degeneration, such as excessive alcoholic indulgence of any kind, will tend to induce arrested normal healthy development in offspring. Other causes are injuries received during childbirth, acute disease of the brain or its coverings in early infancy, or even while intrauterine. Injury to the brain may result in idiocy. Chronic disease of the brain-coverings, tuberculosis, tumors within the brain, hydrocephalus, are other causes. A peculiar type of idiocy is due to mal-development of the thyroid gland. This is called cretinism or myxedematous idiocy. The attempt to educate idiots commenced in the seventeenth century with an experiment of Saint Vincent de Paul at the Priory of Saint Lazarus. His efforts to teach idiots, though continued for many years, were not successful. In 1799 the celebrated Itard took a wild boy found in the forests of Aveyron and attempted to teach him; and although the success in this particular case was slight, he believed that he had discovered methods and facts which would be of use in other cases. These he communicated to his pupil. Dr. Edouard Seguin, who, in 1838, opened a school for idiots in the Hospital for Incurables in Paris. He met with success

enough to have the idiots at the Bicêtre sent to the hospital to be instructed, and in the course of three years he received the approval of the French Academy. Dr. Seguin adopted a system involving the theory that idiocy was prolonged infancy. His practice, founded upon this, was to excite and continue the process of development. Of course a variable success attended the experiment. The art of effecting such development requires much knowledge, tact, and patience. Different kinds of idiots need different stimulants, physical and mental. Pure air, good nutritious food, exercise; in short, any treatment which is calculated to increase the bodily and mental functions will improve the idiot. Wherever his interest can be awakened there will be a mental stimulus, and as the tendency of development is toward a normal standard, more or less improvement must follow. Dr. Seguin removed to New York City, where he established a school for idiots and feeble-minded children, which was very successful. Other similar institutions exist in various parts of the country. Statistics are unreliable, as confusion is apt to be caused by the inclusion of epileptics and insane people with the feeble-minded and imbecile. In 1890 it was stated that there were 95,500 feeble-minded or idiotic' persons in the United States.

Consult: Sollier, Psychologie de l'idiot et de l'imbécile (Paris, 1891); Preyer, The Mind of the Child, trans. by H. W. Brown (New York, 1893); Ribot, The Psychology of Attention (Chicago, 1894); Peterson, "The Psychology of the Idiot," in American Journal of Insanity (Utica, New York, 1896); Barr, Mental Defectives (Philadel phia, 1904). Consult also the article ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY.

IDIOCY (in law). A total lack of reasoning powers, or of those intellectual faculties by which man is peculiarly distinguished. Its legal consequences, so far as contract and tort obligations. as well as criminal responsibility are concerned, are the same as those of insanity (q.v.). The term is ordinarily limited to those who have had no understanding from birth, although some courts have declared that it is properly applicable to those who have become totally imbecile from sickness or other causes, as well as to congenital fools. possessed a glimmer of reason, the law presumes that he will never attain any. Hence the custody of his person and of his lands formerly

In case of one who has never

vested in the lord of the fee or of the manor.

Because of the abuse of this power, Parliament transferred the wardship of idiots to the King, In this country by statute of 17 Ed. II., c. 9. the care of their persons and property is provided for by statute or safeguarded by constitutional provisions. For example, the present

Constitution of New York vests the care of idiots

in the State Board of Charities, and not in the Commission of Lunacy. It was laid down by ancient English writers upon law that a man who is born blind, deaf, and dumb can have no understanding, and hence cannot make a valid contract, gift, or grant. This doctrine had its origin in a misconception of certain texts of the civil law, which declared that one who was deaf or dumb could not be a party to a stipulatio, that is, a contract which was entered into by an oral question and answer, in certain formal words. It is quite clear that a dumb person could not

be a party to this formal contract, for he could not ask the question nor speak the response. Deafness also incapacitated one for such a contract, by preventing his hearing the question or the answer. But the civil law never countenanced the presumption that a deaf and dumb person was mentally incapable of entering into a consensual contract. In modern English law the presumption is only prima facie, and may be repelled by evidence, that the particular per son whose competency is brought into question does possess sufficient intelligence to rank as one of sound mind. Consult: the Commentaries of Blackstone and Kent; Holmes, Misunderstand ings of the Civil Law, 6 Am. Law Rev., 37; and the authorities referred to under MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE.

IDIOM (Lat. idioma, Gk. olwua, idioma, peculiarity, from dovoda, idiousthai, to make one's own). A term used to denote a phrase or form of words approved by the general usage of a language, and sometimes admitting neither grammatical or logical analysis. In a broader sense, it denotes the genius or peculiar cast of a language; hence it is often applied to a peculiar form or variation of a language, a dialect. IDIOM, NEUTRAL. See UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE. ID'IOPATHY (from Gk. idiomábeta, idiopatheia, peculiar feeling, from idiomaths, idiopathes, affected peculiarly, from toos, idios, peculiar Tábos, pathos, feeling). Idiosyncrasy (q.v.); peculiar susceptibility. The term is also used of the quality of being idiopathic. A disease is called idiopathic as distinguished from one resulting from a wound, traumatic. An idiopathic disease is therefore an idiopathy.

ID'IOSYN'CRASY (Gk. ¿diòσvykpaola, idiosynkrasia, peculiar temperament, from toos, idios, peculiarovkpaσic, synkrasis, mixture, from σVYKEρavνúvaι, synkerannynai, to mix together, from σúv, syn, together + Kepaνvývaι, kerannynai, to mix, from κpâσų, krasis, mixture). An individual trait or constitutional peculiarity. Thus, there are persons who have a great dislike to particular kinds of food, smells, sounds, etc., which to most persons are agreeable; and, on the other hand, a desire is sometimes manifested for things generally disliked. In particular individuals an eruption of the skin will be caused by eating strawberries, or fainting by the smell of a rose, when the person is unaware of the cause. Idiosyncrasies also occur in consequence of which certain medicines become inoperative, or certain poisons harmless. Idiosyncrasies are either permanent or temporary, sometimes arising from mere morbid conditions, and disappearing along with them. The term is also employed to denote mental, as well as physical peculiarities, which are often signs of insanity, such as baseless antipathies to certain persons, bizarre arrangement of articles in one's room, permanent dread of passing certain objects, etc.

IDLE LAKE. In Spenser's Faerie Queene, the lake on which Phædria sailed.

IDLER, THE. The title of a series of papers by Dr. Johnson, published in Payne's Universal Chronicle (1758-60).

IDOL (OF. idole, Lat. idolum, from Gk. eld Aov, eidōlon, image, from eldéval, eidenai, Skt.

vid, to know, Lat. videre, to see). An image intended to represent a deity, and to be adored as such. The act of such adoration is idolatry. Through theological usage, the term idolatry has come to mean in a general sense any worship or obeisance paid to any other than the Supreme Being as conceived by Judaism, Christianity, or Islam. Confining ourselves to the more restricted usage, the worship of idols appears to be a phase of religious evolution that is natural to man at a certain stage of culture. It arises from the desire to furnish some tangible evidence of the presence of the powers upon whom man feels himself to be dependent. In this sense idolatry is to be distinguished from the attribution of divine force to a sacred stone, river, or other object. The sanctity is inherent, themselves, whereas the sanctity of an idol is for one reason or the other, in such objects due to its being a symbol. It becomes evident, therefore, that while the direct worship of objects is a link in leading to a symbolical imageworship, the latter belongs to a phase of religious thought transcending the more primitive manifestations of the religious instinct. This thesis finds an illustration in the religious history of the Semites, as well as in that of the Greeks and Romans. The localization of nature deities, such as the sun, moon, and certain planets, led in the case of the Babylonians and Egyptians to representation of the gods of a more or less fanciful character, and the development of the art instinct acts as a powerful factor these gods under the form of images of men or in promoting and maintaining the worship of

animals, or of a combination of the two. The influence exerted by Babylonian and Egyptian culture led the nations of Palestine-notably the Phoenicians-to replace poles and stones by symbolical representations of the gods, and the Hebrews likewise after they had advanced to the agricultural stage fell a prey to these same influences until, through the reaction brought about by the teachings of the prophets, an emphatic protest against all manner of idolatry is embodied in the religious system and cult of postexilic Judaism. The rise of Christianity helped to spread the doctrine further, though the Christian veneration of sacred images (see IMAGEWORSHIP) was by some confounded with idolatry. Islam struck at the root of the matter by forbidding the making of any representation of any living thing, whether intended to be worshiped or not (cf. Ex. xx. 4). To give life was felt to be the exclusive prerogative of God, and to attempt to reproduce even the external form of a living thing was regarded as impiety. As a consequence wherever Islam secured a foothold idolatry was doomed. Zoroastrianism at least did not encourage idolatry, but it is noticeable that in the extreme EastIndia, China, and Japan-idolatry was not only reconciled with the remarkable development of religious thought that took place in those regions, but its hold seemed to grow stronger with each new phase in this evolution.

IDOM'ENEUS (Lat., from Gk. 'Idoμevevs). Crete. The grandson of Minos, and son of Deucalion of As ruler of Cnosus and Crete, he led 80 ships to Troy. In the Iliad he is described as one of the mightiest of the heroes, and in the battle at the ships he plays a leading part. The early history makes him return to his home in