HORNY TISSUE appears as a variety of tumor upon different regions of the human skin, but especially upon the face, and occasionally in dermoid cysts. These manifestations are considered as warts, of which the epidermal cells are intimately united in the same manner as in the nails; and they are classed with warts, corns, and some nævi, under the term corneous papillomata. The tendency to horny excrescences on the skin is rare, and belongs to advanced age. There is a disease of the skin called 'hystricismus,' which is a peculiar variety of papillary hypertrophy, with hornifying of

this way it is employed in making handles for umbrellas, knives, forks, and a variety of other articles. Combs are made out of the flattened sheets, and beautiful carvings are made out of the solid parts of buffalo-horns. Ox-horns, too, are sometimes of fine quality and color, and are fashioned into drinking-cups and other articles, often highly ornamental. Before the horn is softened for manufacture, the solid tip is usu ally sawed off, to be treated separately. This is usually sawed into blanks to be used for buttons and other purposes. These blanks are heated, pared, heated again in water and pressed between

the epidermis of such a nature that it resembles short porcupine-quills. Horny excrescences occasionally break and fall off spontaneously; but they grow again if not cured radically by the excision of the portion of skin upon which they are located.

ECONOMIC USES OF HORN. The horns of animals enter largely into the manufacture of many useful and ornamental articles, and are employed for useful and ornamental purposes. The principal horns employed are those of the ox, buffalo, sheep, and goat. These are quite different in structure from the antlers of various deer, which are really bone and resemble ivory in structure. More like true horns are hoofs, claws, nails, and quills. Horns have but 2 or 3 per cent. of earthy matter, while bones have over 50 per cent. Horn can be softened and split into thin layers or laminæ, or pressed into molds. As it recovers its peculiar character of flexibility, toughness, and transparency when cold, it is particularly adapted for a great variety of purposes. It can also be dyed various colors. A solution of gold in aqua regia dyes it red; a solution of nitrate of silver in nitric acid, black; a paste of red lead, made with a solution of potash, colors it brown; so that with a proper arrangement and application of these materials, the most admirable imitations of the much more costly tortoiseshell can be produced, which, indeed, it resembles in structure. The more common vegetable dyestuffs, as logwood, Brazilwood, barwood, saffron, indigo, etc., will also color horn, but neither so permanently nor so brightly as the metallic materials.

By long-continued soaking, the horns of all the animals above mentioned can be softened, and those of the sheep and goat can easily be split into several layers after they have been soaked and boiled. These layers can not only be flattened out by putting them between smooth iron plates heated and placed in a press, but can be welded together firmly by pressing their edges to gether between polished copper plates, and then plunging them for some time into boiling water and then into cold water. This property enables the horn-worker to use up the smallest cuttings with profit. Another valuable property of horn is that when heated it can be pressed into a die, and not only takes a beautiful sharp impression, but if left in the die until cold it retains it. In

dies, after which they are buffed and polished. The value of the horns and hoofs imported into the United States to be consumed in domestic manufactures in recent years has been as follows: 1893, $554,902; 1894, $235,232; 1895, $268,800; 1896, $568,445; 1897, $150,134.

HORN. A musical instrument, belonging to the family of brass wind instruments and distinguished by a cupped mouthpiece, a flaring bell, and a narrow, conical tube which is between nine and eighteen feet long, and is twisted back on itself. The natural or French horn (q.v.), although having an exceedingly tender, sonorous tone, was a very imperfect instrument, and is now entirely superseded by the valve horns. The horn is built in almost any key; there are horns in A, Bb, C, D, Eb, E, F, G. Its range is from C-c3. As the horns (except the one in C) are transposing instruments, lower tones than C can be obtained by using different horns. For instance, on the low Bb horn the note C sounds Bb. on the Eb horn Eb, etc. The music for horns is always written in the G clef, except the very low tones. Strange to say, the tones written in the bass clef are always written an octave lower than the actual sound. In the smallest orchestra there are always two horns. The ordinary symphony orchestra has four, and Wagner employs as many as eight. When four horns are

used the first and third are written on the same staff in the score, and the second and fourth together on another staff. What kind of horns are employed depends upon the tonality of the composition and also to some extent upon the modulation within the tonality. Thus a composer writing in C major might employ two horns in C and two in F, or two in C and two in G. Some modern masters use the F horns for all keys. A peculiarity in writing music for horns is that no key signatures are used. All music is written in C and every chromatic alteration is specially marked. Muted tones can also be produced upon the valve horns. They have a peculiar ominous sound, and are sometimes employed in dramatic works to express situations of fear, horror. mystery, etc. In the Nibelungen Wagner has an effective phrase on muted horns whenever Wo tan's ravens are mentioned. Unfortunately, these muted tones have been abused and are used with out sufficient reasons in the works of the NeoGerman school. Of the early composers, Weber

was preeminent for his skillful use of horns in producing new effects.

HORN, hôrn, Arvid BernharD, Count (16641742). A Swedish statesman, born at Vuorentaka, Finland. He served in the Swedish Army, and was rapidly promoted to be general of brigade (1700). He assisted in the deposition of King Augustus of Poland (1704), and under Stanislaus Leszczynski, his successor, he remained as Ambassador. In 1705 he was made counselor to the King. After the death of Charles XII. he forced his sister, Ulrica Elinore, to submit to an election before she could ascend the throne, and later imposed on her the Constitution of 1719. The years when he was marshal of the Kingdom were spoken of afterwards as the time of Arvid Horn,' so successful had the country been under his leadership. He retired from active life in 1738.

HORN, CAPE. See CAPE HORN.

An

HORN, CHARLES EDWARD (1786-1849). English composer and conductor, born in London. He was the pupil of his father, Karl Horn, a music-teacher, and received singing lessons from Rauzzini. He first appeared at the English Opera House in 1809. The following year he composed The Magic Bride, his first opera. From 1814 to 1832 he was connected with the English Opera House as singer, composer, and conductor. He made a prolonged visit to America in 1832, and conducted English opera in New York City. During this time the Handel and Haydn Society produced two of his works, an Ode to Washing ton (1832), and an oratorio, The Remission of Sin (1836). This latter, renamed Satan, was given in London in 1845. He was elected conductor of the Handel and Haydn Society in 1847, and reëlected in 1848. Among his works are: Daniel's Prediction (1848); several operettas, such as Tricks upon Travelers (1810) and The Devil's Bridge (1812); of his songs, "Cherry Ripe" and the duet "I Know a Bank" have remained popular.

HORN, GUSTAF (1592-1657). A Swedish soldier, born at Oerbyhus. He studied at the universities of Rostock, Jena, and Tübingen, entered the army in 1612, and served against the Poles. In 1630 he commanded half the army of Gustavus Adolphus in the advance of that monarch upon Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He directed the Swedish left in the battle of Breitenfeld, in 1631, and participated in the defeat of Tilly's army on the Lecli. In 1634 he was completely defeated, together with his ally, Bernhard of Weimar, at Nördlingen, and made a prisoner by the Imperialists. He was not released until 1642. He later distinguished himself in the war against Denmark.

HORN, PAUL (1863-). A German specialist in modern Persian philology, born at Halle. His education was at the university in that city, where he devoted himself chiefly to Oriental and linguistic studies, and received the degree of doctor of philosophy in 1885. In 1889 he became privatdocent and in 1900 professor at the University of Strassburg. He wrote Die Nomenalflexion im Acesta und den altpersischen Keilinschriften (1885); Sassanidische Siegelsteine (1891); Die Denkwürdigkeiten Schah Tahmāsp's (1891); Neupersische Schriftsprache (1898); Die deutsche Soldatensprache (1899); Geschichte Irans in is lamitischer Zeit (1900); Geschichte der Per

sischen Litteratur (1902); Geschichte der türkischen Moderne (1902); and Die persischen Gedichte des türkischen Sultans Selim (1904).

HORN, VAN DE, or VAN (1635-83). A Dutch buccaneer. After studying seamanship on board of merchant vessels, at the age of twenty-four he bought one of his own, set up as a pirate, and preyed upon the shipping of his native land. Next he became a sailor of fortune, serving whichever European power would pay him most highly, and it was chiefly France that engaged him to wage war upon Spanish ships by fair means or foul, generally the latter. He was with De Graff in the despoiling of Vera Cruz (1683), but fought a duel with him over the division of plunder and died from the results of the wound thus received.

HORNBEAM (horn + beam, AS. beam, OHG. boum, Ger. Baum, tree; connected ultimately with Gk. pew, phyein, to grow, Skt. bhu, to become), Carpinus. A genus of the natural order Cupulifera, which consists of trees with compact, rough, hard wood, almost smooth whitishgray bark, deciduous leaves, and monœcious flowers. The common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), very frequent in moderately moist, shady woods of many parts of Europe, is a beautiful tree which attains a height of 60 to 100 feet. It has ovate, acuminate, almost triply serrate leaves, and the fruit has very large, deeply three-partite bracts. Its root descends deep into the ground. The wood, which is much used by carpenters and wheelwrights, is white, very hard, uncommonly strong and tough, and therefore suitable for bearing heavy strains. It takes a very fine polish, and, when well stained, might readily be mistaken for ebony. In the earth, or where exposed to the changes of the weather, it is not very durable. It burns readily, and is one of the best kinds of firewood; it affords an excellent charcoal, and the ashes yield much potash. The young stems, by reason of the dense growth of their twigs, are very suitable for forming live fences and bowers; and as it bears clipping well, the hornbeam was often employed to form live walls formerly fashionable. The genus is represented in North America by Carpinus Americana, a small tree 25 to 40 feet high, which occurs from Quebec to Florida and west to Minnesota and Texas. Its wood is very hard, dense, and heavy, and is one of the toughest woods of the Northern States. It is known as hornbeam, blue beech,

water-beech, and ironwood. The hop-hornbeam (Ostrya Virginiana) is of much the same habit, range, and properties. It is of slow growth and is seldom planted, although a very ornamental tree. This tree is also known as ironwood and leverwood.

HORNBILL. The name of an African and East Indian family of large birds, forming the family Bucerotida, and remarkable for the enormous size of the bill, and for a large bony protuberance (epithema, or casque) with which it is usually surmounted. The bill is curved, broad at the base, compressed toward the tip, the bony protuberance on the upper mandible assuming different forms in different species. Two subfamilies are recognized-the Bucoracida (or Bucorvida) and the Bucerotida. The former are African, have the casque hollow, and are of terrestrial habits. They are described under GROUND HORNBILL. The latter contain the 'true'

or typical hornbills, of which there are many genera and species scattered over Northwestern Africa, India, and the Oriental region. All are rather large birds, the biggest five feet in length from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail; have long, full tails, and strong feet, fitted for arboreal habits. Their colors are mainly black and white; the great bills are yellow, often strongly marked with red and black. They are omnivorous, and in captivity show an ostrichlike voracity, swallowing anything offered, bones and all. The food is always caught in the tip of the bill, then tossed into the air and recaught. In nature they feed largely upon flowers and fruit, cut from their fastenings by the saw-edged beak. Their flight is slow and heavy, but it may be long sustained. It is said to be very noisy, the sound of the wings of a large hornbill being audible for a mile, and when two or three are flying together the noise is said to resemble a steam-engine.

BREEDING HABITS. Some, if not all of the species, have the remarkable habit of imprisoning the female during incubation. This is done by stopping up the entrance to the nest, which is in a hollow tree, with mud or excrement. There seems to be some doubt whether it is done from the outside by the male, using mud, or from the inside by the female, using her own excrement. Perhaps the method differs in different species. In any case, a small opening is left through which the female can extend her bill and secure the food which the male brings. Such nests are an excellent protection against enemies, and are said to be used repeatedly. The young are born naked.

This remarkable method of nidification is connected with a strange feature of bird economy first noticed and studied by Bartlett, who shows (Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1869) that hornbills, at intervals, cast the epithelial layer of their gizzards--a layer formed by the secretions of certain glands. This is ejected entire in the form of a bag, the mouth of which is closely folded, and which is filled with the fruit the bird has been eating. Whether these castings form a nutritious and partly digested supply of food for the sitting female is not known. Consult Newton, Dictionary of Birds, London, 1896. SPECIES. The bird ordinarily presented as 'the' hornbill is Buceros rhinoceros, from the East Indies, which was known and quaintly described, from preserved heads alone, by Pliny and the naturalists of the Middle Ages. A closely allied species of Java (Buceros sylvestris) is shown on the accompanying plate. Another style of casque, the flat table, is shown in Figure 1 of the plate (Hydrocorax planicornis, of the Philippines), which illustrates almost equally well the homurai' of India (Dichoceros bicornis), whose plate-casque is bent into a trough, and terminates in two horns in front. This familiar species is found eastward to Sumatra, where also, among other kinds, lives that solid-casqued one (Rhinoplar vigil), out of whose 'helmet' ivorylike ornaments are carved. This seems to be a remarkable species in several ways. Another curious form of beak is that of the Papuan Rhytidoceros plicatus, in which the top of the bill has numerous curving transverse folds. Prominent among African genera are the trumpeter hornbills, one species of which is the 'crested' (Bycanistes cristatus). Here the beak is com

paratively short. In some genera the bill approaches the shape of a toucan's, and has little or no casque. A history of the family, with colored plates, by D. G. Elliot, entitled Monograph of the Bucerotida, was published in London in 1882. An excellent popular account is given in the Royal Natural History (London, 1895). See Plate of HORNBILLS AND TOUCANS.

sium-calcium-aluminum silicate. It is found

Horn

HORNBILL CUCKOO. A channel bill (q.v.). HORNBLENDE (horn + blende, Ger. Blende, black variety of amphibole that crystallizes in from blenden, to blind). A greenish-black or the monoclinic system, and is a ferrous magneboth in crystals and granular masses. blende is a common constituent of various igneous rocks, such as granite, syenite, diorite, and those of more basic composition. Hornblende schist and hornblende slate are varieties of rocks that contain hornblende with more or less feldspar, quartz, or mica. The black crystallized varieties of hornblende are sometimes called schorl, and may be cut into ornaments.

HORN'BLENDITE. An igneous rock of granitic texture very largely composed of hornblende. Hornblendite occurs in the so-called Cortland series of eruptives in the Highlands of the Hudson River, near Peekskill, N. Y.

HORNBLOWER, or HORN-WORM. A local name in the Southern United States for the tobacco-worm (Phlegethontius carolina). See TOBACCO-WORM.

HORNBOOK. The primer for learning the elements of reading, used in England before the days of printing, and common down to the time of George II. It consisted of a single leaf, containing on one side the alphabet large and small, in black letter or in Roman, often followed by a number of monosyllables. Then came a form of exorcism and the Lord's Prayer, and the Roman numerals. The leaf was usually set in a frame of wood, with a slice of transparent horn in front; hence the name. There was a handle usually with a hole for a string, whereby the apparatus was slung to the girdle of the scholar. Sometimes the leaf was simply pasted against a slice of horn. At first the leaf was of vellum, with the characters in writing; later, of paper, and printed. The hornbook was prefaced and ornamented with figures of the cross, and hence came to be often called Christcross-row, or Crisscross-row. Common as hornhooks at one time were, copies of them are now exceedingly

rare.

with illustrations and facsimiles (London, 1897). Consult Tues, History of the Hornbook,

HORN'BY, Sir GEOFFREY THOMAS PHIPPS (1825-95). An English admiral, son of Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby (1785-1867), born at Winwick, Lancashire. He entered the navy when he was twelve; was present at the bombardment of Acre; served under Wyvill hunting slavers (184446) and under his father in the Pacific (1846-50); and was sent to Hong Kong (1858) and took the Tribune to Vancouver's Island, then disputed property, and to all appearances the probable source of open war. He became vice-admiral and Lord of Admiralty in 1875, and two years afterwards was put in command of operations in the Mediterranean. In February, 1878, he 'proceeded to Constantinople,' in spite of the protests of the Turkish Government, and prepared to meet any