endeavoured to persuade all the Cyprians to join with him. The rest he persuaded; and having sat down before Amathus, which would not listen to him, he besieged it.

CV. Whilst Onesilus was employed in the siege of Amathus, Darius, being informed that Sardis had been taken and burnt by the Athenians and Ionians, and that Aristagoras the Milesian had been the chief of this confederacy, and the contriver of that enterprize, was not much concerned about the Ionians, who, he doubted not, might be easily punished for their rebellion; but demanded what people those Athenians were: when he had received an answer he called for a bow, and having received one, he put an arrow into it and shot it into the airs, with these words; "Grant, O Jupiter, that I "may be able to revenge myself on the Athenians!" After he had thus spoken, he commanded one of his attendants thrice to repeat the ensuing words, every time dinner was set before him, "Master! remember the Athenians."

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CV1. Then calling Histiæus the Milesian, whom he had long detained with him, Darius said: "I am informed Histiæus, that the person, to whom you entrusted Miletus, has "contrived innovations against me; for he has brought men "into Asia from the other continent, and having persuaded "the Ionians, who shall not go long unpunished, to join them, "has with those forces deprived me of Sardis. Is it at all possible that these things can appear to you right? Or that any such thing can have been done without your advice? Be careful therefore that you do not hereafter bring your"self into blame." To this Histiæus answered: "Ŏ king, what have you said? That I should advise a thing, which might give you the least occasion of vexation! What advantage could I propose to myself by such an action? What 66 am I in want of? I, who live in the same splendour with you, and am honoured with the confidence of all your coun"sels? If my lieutenant is guilty of the actions you mention, "be assured, he himself has been the contriver. But I in"deed cannot at all persuade myself, that he and the Mile"sians have attempted any thing against your authority. Yet "if the charge should be true, and he has indeed done as you have been informed, consider, O king, whether your "affairs are not prejudiced by my absence from the maritime

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parts. For the Ionians seem only to have waited until I "should be withdrawn, to put in execution what they had long ago desired; and if I had continued in Ionia, not one "of those cities would have revolted. Dismiss me therefore "with speed, and send me back to Ionia, that I may restore "the affairs of those countries to their former condition, and "deliver the Milesian deputy into your hands, who has been "the author of these enterprizes. When I have performed "this according to your desire, I swear by the gods of the "king, not_to_change the garments I shall wear when I go "down to, Ionia, before I render the great island of Sardiniai tributary to you."

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CVII. Histiæus said these words in order to deceive the king; and succeeded in his design. For Darius was persuaded to let him go; only commanding him to return to Susa, so soon as the things he had promised should be performed.

CVIII. While tidings concerning Sardis had been brought to the king, and he, having shot the arrow as described, had held a conference with Histiæus, and while Histiæus having been dismissed by Darius, was on his journey to the sea; in all this time the following actions passed. Onesilus the Salaminian, who was employed in the siege of Amathus, having received information, that a great army under the conduct of Artybius a Persian, was to be expected in Cyprus, sent heralds to the different parts of Ionia, to invite them to bring assistance, who, without any protracted deliberation, assembled a considerable armament, and sailed to Cyprus. The Persians on their part crossed over from Cilicia and marched up to Salamis, while the Phoenicians in their ships doubled the promontory, which is called the key of Cyprus.

CIX. In the mean time the Cyprian princes summoned the Ionian captains together, and spoke to them in these terms: "Men of Ionia, we give you the choice, either to fight against the Persians or Phoenicians. If you choose "to engage the Persians in a land battle, it is time to bring "your forces ashore, that we may go on board your ships,

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iRollin (Hist. Anc. tom. ii. p. 151. not.) thinks this island too far distant from Ionia, and in consequence suspects that the text has been altered. same thing is repeated without any variety at the commencement of the next book. And, as Larcher shews in his note, the Ionians had penetrated to the remotest parts of the Mediterranean.

k There are two small islands, according to Strabo, (xiv. p. 1000.) and

four, according to Pliny, (Hist. Nat. v. 31.) near the eastern part of the island of Cyprus, and seven hundred stades from the river Pyramus, which were called kλïdes, the keys. It appears by this passage of Herodotus, that the promontory bore the same name. Strabo calls it Boéroupa, and Ptolemy (Geogr. v. p. 157.) Ovpà Bóos, the tail of a cow. Pliny calls it dinaretum. Larcher.

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“and fight the Phoenicians. But if you are more willing to "make an experiment of your strength against the Phoenicians, do as you think convenient, that, whether you de"termine one way or the other, as far as depends on you, "Ionia and Cyprus may be free." To this the lonians answered: “We are sent by the general council of Ionia to “defend the sea, and not to deliver our ships to the Cy"prians, in order to fight the Persians by land. We there"fore shall endeavour to do our duty in that post in which we are placed; and it is right that you, bearing in mind "the evils you suffered under the tyranny of the Medes, "should prove yourselves to be brave men." This was the answer of the Ionians.

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CX. After this, when the Persians had advanced into the plains of Salamis, the kings of Cyprus drawing up their forces in order of battle, placed the best of the Salaminians and Solians against the front of the Persians, and all the rest of the Cyprians against the enemy's auxiliaries. Onesilus voluntarily placed himself directly against Artybius the Persian general.

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CXI. Artybius used to ride on a horse, which had been taught to rear up against an armed enemy. Of this, Onesilus had been already informed; and having as a shieldbearer, a Carian well skilled in military affairs, and of great boldness, he said to him, "I am informed that the horse of Artybius rears up, and with his feet and teeth overthrows "the man he is rode up to; consider therefore and tell me, "which you will watch and strike, Artybius or his horse?" "I am ready," answered the attendant, "to do both, or either, or any other thing you may command. But I shall "take liberty to propose that which I think most conducive "to your honour. He who is a king and a general, ought to engage one who is of the same condition. For if you kill "him, your glory is great; and if he kills you, which may "the gods avert, it is half the misfortune to fall by a noble "hand'. It is right that we slaves should fight against other "slaves, and also against a horse, whose tricks do not you "fear; for I take upon me to prevent him from rearing up against any man for the time to come."

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CXII. Soon after these words, the armies engaged both by sea and land. All the Ionians fought vigorously, and defeated the Phoenicians at sea; but the Samians surpassed the

rest in valour that day. When the armies met by land, they engaged, and the following happened to the two generals; Artybius pushed his horse towards Onesilus, and Onesilus struck Artybius, as he had concerted before with his shieldbearer. The attendant on his part, seeing the horse raising his feet to the shield of Onesilus, struck him with a scythe, and cut them both off. So that Artybius the Persian general fell with his horse to the ground.

CXIII. While the rest were fighting, Stesenor tyrant of Curium, which is said to be a colony of Argos, revolted to the enemy with a considerable number of forces under his command; and presently after this treachery of the Curians, the chariots of warm belonging to Salamis followed their example, by which means the Persians obtained the victory, and the Cyprians were put to flight with great slaughter. Among others, Onesilus the son of Chersis, who had persuaded the Cyprians to revolt, was killed in this battle, together with Aristocyprus king of the Solians, the son of that Philocyprus", whom Solon the Athenian, when at Cyprus, celebrated in his verses above all tyrants.

CXIV. The Amathusians cut off the head of Onesilus, because he had besieged their city, and placed it over the gates of Amathus, where, after some time, when the head had become hollow, a swarm of bees entered, and filled the skull with a honey-comb. Upon which the Amathusians consulting the oracle, were admonished, that if they would take down the head and inter it, and sacrifice annually to Onesilus, as to a hero, their affairs should prosper. The Amathusians did accordingly, and continued those sacrifices to my time.

CXV. The Ionians, who had fought by sea on the coast of Cyprus, hearing the ruin of the affairs of Onesilus, and that the rest of the Cyprian cities were besieged, except Salamis, which the Salaminians had restored to their former king Gorgus, sailed away to Ionia. Of all the cities of Cyprus, Soli sustained the longest siege; but in the fifth

m These chariots (Schol. on Aristoph. Nubes, v. 28.) were mounted by two men, one guided the reins, the other fought. This was the ancient method of fighting in chariots, and was preserved to a later period by the Thebans in Boeotia. Wesseling.

n

Philocyprus was king of Soli when Solon arrived in Cyprus. That town was then called Epeia, on account of its lofty situation; Aizvç signifying elevated. The environs were not only steep,

but unfruitful. Solon advised Philocyprus to rebuild it on the plain below, and undertook the care of peopling it, and of regulating, in concert with the king, every thing which might contribute to its safety and abundance. Inhabitants flocked to it from all sides. Philocyprus, from gratitude, gave to the new town the name of Soli. Solon mentions this in some verses addressed to that prince. See Plutarch's Life of Solon. Larcher.

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month the place was taken by the Persians, after they had undermined the walls.

CXVI. And thus the Cyprians having been free during one year, were again reduced to servitude. Daurises, Hymees, and Otanes, whose wives were daughters to Darius, having, together with other Persian generals, pursued those Ionians who marched against Sardis, and after they had defeated them, having driven them into their ships, next divided the cities among themselves and proceeded to plunder them.

CXVII. Daurises directing his march towards those of the Hellespont, took Dardanus, Abydos, Percote, Lampsacus, and Pasus; these he took each on one separate day. But advancing from Pæsus towards Parium, he received a message, importing, that the Carians having conspired with the Ionians, had likewise revolted from the Persians. Upon this advice he turned from the Hellespont, and led his army towards Caria.

CXVIII. The Carians having by chance obtained information of this, before his arrival in their territories, assembled their forces at a place called the White Columns, upon the river Marsyas, which passes through the country of Hydrias, and falls into the Mæander. Divers propositions were made in this camp; but none, in my opinion, so good as that of Pixodarus the son of Mausolus, a Cyndian, who had married the daughter of Syennesis king of Cilicia. He advised that the Carians would pass the Mæander, and fight the Persians on the other side; that having the river in their rear, and no way left to retreat, they might be necessitated to keep their ground, and surpass the common valour of men. This opinion did not prevail, but it prevailed that the Mæander should rather be in the rear of the Persians; to the end that if they should be beaten, they might fall into the river and not get off in safety.

CXIX. So the Persians advancing passed the Mæander; and the Carians expecting the enemy on the banks of the river Marsyas, fought a long and bloody battle, till at last, oppressed with numbers, they were totally defeated. In this action two thousand Persians and ten thousand Carians were killed. The rest of the Carians who escaped out of the fight, fled to Labranda, and betook themselves to a vast grove of plane trees, sacred to Jupiter Stratius". They are the only

• See note on book i. ch. 74.

ν Ζεὺς στράτιος: Jupiter the Warrior. Jupiter was particularly honoured under this title at Labranda, and there

fore Strabo (xiv. p. 973.) calls him the Labrandinian Jupiter. He held a hatchet in his hand, and Plutarch (Quæst. Græc. p. 301.) gives us the reason.

He was