way to Valparaiso to visit the scene of the mission, and afford Captain Gardiner any aid he might require, but, on arriving at the cove, he found it deserted. After a few days' search the bodies were discovered, and fragments of a journal written by Captain Gardiner gave proof of the sufferings which they had endured before death relieved them from their misery. The spot has received the name of Starvation Beach. CHARLES FRANCIS HALL AND THE INNUITS. Hall's Expedition.-His early Life.-His reading of Arctic Adventure.-His Resolve.-His Arctic Outfit.-Sets Sail on the "George Henry."-The Voyage.-Kudlago.-Holsteinborg, Greenland.-Population of Greenland.-Sails for Davis's Strait.-Character of the Innuits.-Wreck of the "Rescue." -Ebierbing and Tookoolito.-Their Visit to England.-Hall's first Exploration.-European and Innuit Life in the Arctic Regions.-Building an Igloo.-Almost Starved.-Fight for Food with Dogs. -Ebierbing arrives with a Seal.-How he caught it-A Seal-feast.-The Innai's and Seals.-The Polar Bear.-How he teaches the Innuits to catch Seals.-At a Seal-hole.-Dogs as Seal-hunters.Dogs and Bears.-Dogs and Reindeers.-Innuits and Walruses.-More about Igloos.-Innuit Implements.-Uses of the Reindeer.-Innuit Improvidence.-A Deer-feast.-A frozen Delicacy.-Whaleskin as Food.-Whale-gum. -How to eat Whale Ligament.-Raw Meat.-The Dress of the Innuits. -A pretty Style.- Religious Ideas of the Innuits.-Their kindly Character.-Treatment of the Aged and Infirm.-A Woman abandoned to die.-Hall's Attempt to rescue her.-The Innuit Nomads, without any form of Government.-Their Numbers diminishing.-A Sailor wanders away.-Hall's Search for him.-Finds him frozen to death.-The Ship free from Ice.-Preparations to return.Reset in the Ice-pack.-Another Arctic Winter.-Breaking up of the Ice.-Departure for Home.Tookoolito and her Child Butterfly."-Death of " Butterfly."-Arrival at Home.-Results of Hall's Expedition. Innuit Traditions.-Discovery of Frobisher Relics.-Hall undertakes a second Expedition. His Statement of its Object and Prospects -Last Tidings of Hall. AMONG the most remarkable expeditions ever undertaken in the Polar world is that of Charles Francis Hall, performed during the years 1860, 1861, and 1862. Its primary object was to discover the survivors of Sir John Franklin's party; for at this time there was good reason to believe that out of the 105 who were known to be living on the 25th of April, 1848, some were still surviving. Towards the main purpose of the undertaking nothing was indeed accomplished. Hall came upon no traces of Franklin and his men; but he acquired a more accurate knowledge of the Esquimaux-or rather as they call themselves, and as we shall call them, the Innuits--a word meaning simply "men" or "people"and their mode of life than was ever before, or is likely to be hereafter, gained by any other white man capable of telling what he saw, and a part of which he was. The remarkable book in which Mr. Hall describes his expedition* seems not to have come under the notice of Dr. Hartweg. It is proposed in this chapter to supplement the account of the Innuits from this work of Mr. Hall. Arctic Researches, and Life among the Esquimanx. By CHARLES FRANCIS HALL. New York, 1866. Up to middle life Hall had resided in the inland city of Cincinnati. He had eagerly read every thing that he could find on record of the searches made for Franklin. Large ships and small ships had been sent out. Brave hearts and stout hands had been enlisted in the search, but with no tangible result beyond ascertaining the spot where the surviving 105 were when they abandoned their ships and took to the shore, hoping to make their way to their homes. Only two of these men were proven to have died; and it was more than probable that of the 105 known to have been living in 1848, some would yet be alive in 1860, for not a few of these men, if living, would be still of middle age. Hall had read the story of the sufferings of Kane's party during the long months of the Arctic winter, but he had come to the conclusion that most of these resulted from the mode of life adopted by them. The Innuits, he knew, lived to a good old age through a succession of such winters, and he believed. that a civilized man could live where a savage could. This conviction was confirmed by one of Kane's companions, who told him, "When we lived like the Esquimaux, we immediately recovered, and enjoyed our usual health. If Providence had so ordered it that we should cast our lot with the Esquimaux, I have no doubt that we would have lived quite as long, and in quite as good health as in the United States or England. White men can live where Esquimaux can, and frequently when and where they can not.” So Hall grew into the conviction that some of these lost ones could yet be found; and he writes, "It seemed to me as if I had been called, if I may so speak, to try and do the work. My heart felt sore at the thought of so great a mystery in connection with any of our fellow-creatures, especially akin to ourselves, yet remaining unsolved." How should he obey this call? His own means, beyond a stout frame and strong will, were of the smallest. He broached the project at the West, where it was received with favor. Then he came East, and was met with like consideration. Funds were raised, and the expedition which Hall contemplated was fitted out. This expedition consisted simply of Hall himself. The cash contributed for the outfit was just $980, of which more than a third was contributed by Henry Grinnell, of New York. In addition to this was about a quarter as much in the way of presents. "These," says Hall, "constituted all the means and material I had to carry out the great undertaking my mind had led me to embark in." Hall's list of the articles on his outfit for a three years' residence and exploration is worthy of record. It shows in what way his $980 in cash was expended. "My outfit," he writes, "for the voyage and the whole of my expedition, consisted of:-a boat, length twenty-eight feet, beam seven feet, depth twentynine and one-half inches, drawing eight inches of water when loaded with stores and a crew of six persons; one sledge; one half-ton of pemmican; two hundred pounds of Borden's meat biscuit; twenty pounds pork scrap; one pound preserved quince; one pound preserved peaches; two hundred and fifty pounds powder; a quantity of ball, shot, and percussion caps; one rifle, six double-barrelled guns; one Colt's revolver; beads, needles, etc., for presents; two dozen pocket-knives; some tin ware; one axe, two picks, files, etc.; tobacco and pipes; wearing apparel for self, and red shirts for natives; stationery and journalbooks; watch, opera-glass, spy-glass; sextant, pocket sextant, artificial horizon, azimuth compass, common compass, two pocket compasses; three ordinary and two self-registering thermometers. Some navigation-books and several Arctic works, with my Bible and a few other volumes, formed my library." The boat and fixtures cost one hundred and twenty-five dollars; meat, biscuit, pemmican, etc., about two hundred and fifty dollars; astronomical instruments, about one hundred dollars; guns and accoutrements, about two hundred and twenty-five dollars; clothing, fifty dollars; pipes and tobacco, twenty dollars; travelling expenses and express payments, seventy-five dollars; dog-team, bought in Greenland, fifty dollars. The other items making up the nine hundred and eighty dollars are all duly given. It will be seen that the balance left for minor, but necessary, expenditures was very small. New London, Connecticut, is the port from which vessels mainly sail for the Arctic whale-fishery. Here was the place of business. Williams and Haven largely engaged in that enterprise. They relieved Hall of a great load of anxiety by a brief note, in which they said: "As a testimony of our personal regard, and the interest we feel in the proposed expedition, we will convey it and its required outfit, boats, sledges, provisions, instruments, etc., free of charge, on the barque George Henry,' to Northumberland Inlet; and, whenever desired, we will give the same free passage home in any of our vessels." On the 29th of May, 1860, the "George Henry" set sail, with a crew, officers and men, of twenty-nine souls. Accompanying as tender was a schooner, which had a history. She was now known as the " Amaret;" but under the name of the "Rescue' she had won fame in Arctic research, for in her Kane had made his first Arctic voyage. Hall always calls her by her old name, and the account of her loss forms a striking episode in his narrative. We have said that Hall's expedition consisted of himself alone. But when he started he had with him a companion, who he hoped would greatly aid him. KUDLAGO. This was Kudlago, an Innuit, who had acquired some knowledge of our language in Greenland from whalers, had come to the United States on a whaling-vessel, and was now anxious to return to Greenland. But he fell sick on the voyage, and died on the 1st of July. His last words were, "Do you see the ice?" for he knew that the appearance of ice at this season would show that he was near his home. He died three hundred miles at sea, and was committed to the ocean, Hall reading the funeral service. A great iceberg-the slender one represented on page 48 of this vol ume-was drifting close by, and Hall named it "Kudlago's Monument." On the 7th of July they reached Holsteinborg, the capital of the Danish col |