his back against a wall to which a metre scale has been affixed. The height is determined by placing a carpenter's square or a large set-square against the support in such a manner that the lower edge is at right angles to the scale; the square should be placed well above the head, and then brought down till its lower edge feels the resistance of the top of the head. The observer should be careful that the height is taken in the middle line of the head. If the subject should object to take off his boots, measure the thickness of the boot-heel, and deduct it from stature. indicated in boots.

"Height Sitting. For this the subject should be seated on a low stool or bench, having behind it a graduated rod or tape with its zero level with the seat; he should sit perfectly erect, with his back well in against the scale. Then proceed as in measuring the height standing. The square should be employed here also if the tape against a wall

is used.

"Length of Cranium.—Measured with callipers from the most prominent part of the projection between the eyebrows (glabella) to the most distant point at the back of the head in the middle line. Care should be taken to keep the end of the callipers steady on the glabella by holding it there with the fingers, while the other extremity is searching for the maximum projection of the head behind.

"Breadth of Cranium.-The maximum breadth of head, which is usually about the level of the top of the ears, is measured at right angles to the length. Care must be taken to hold the instrument so that both its points are exactly on the same horizontal level.

"Face Length.-This is measured from the slight furrow which marks the root of the nose, and which is about the level of a line drawn from the centre of the pupil of one

* In the original schedule the figures of the noses are inserted here-these are Nos. 1-5 of Fig. 9, p. 91.

eye to that of the other, to the under part of the chin. Should there be two furrows, as is often the case, measure from between them.*

"Upper Face Length.-From root of nose to the interval between the two central front teeth at their roots.

"Face Breadth.-Maximum breadth of face between the bony projections in front of the ears.

"Inter-ocular Breadth.-Width between the internal angles of the eyes. While this is being measured the subject should shut his eyes.

"Bigonial Breadth.-Breadth of face at the outer surface of the angles of the lower jaw below the ears.

"Nose Length.-From the furrow at root of nose to the angle between the nose and the upper lip in the middle line.*

"Breadth of Nose.-Measured horizontally across the nostrils at the widest part, but without compressing the nostrils.

"Height of Head.-The head should be so held that the eyes look straight forward to a point at the same level as themselves, ie, the plane of vision should be exactly horizontal. The rod of the Anthropometer should be held vertically in front of the face of the subject, and the upper straight arm should be extended as far as possible and placed along the middle line of the head; the shorter lower arm should be pushed up to the lower surface of the chin. When measured with the square the depending bar must be held vertically in front of the face (with the assistance of the spirit-level or plumb-line), and the small set-square passed up this arm from below in such a manner that its horizontal upper edge will come into contact with the

* See special instructions for taking nasal measurements, pp. 457, 458.

lower contour of the chin. The distance between the lower edge of the horizontal bar of the square and the upper edge of the set-square can be read off, and this will be the maximum height of the head.

"Height of Cranium.-The head being held in precisely the same manner as in measuring the height of the head, the instrument is rotated to the left side of the head, its upper bar still resting on the crown and the recording arm (or the set-square) is pointed to the centre of the line of attachment of the small projecting cartilage in front of the ear-hole."

NOTE. It is essential that these rules should be strictly followed in order to secure accuracy. All measurements must be made in millimetres. If possible, the subject's weight should be obtained, and recorded in the place set apart for remarks. The observer is recommended to procure 'Notes and Queries on Anthropology,' 2nd edition, from the Anthropological Institute, 3, Hanover Square, London, W. Net price, 3s. 6d.

I have printed the schedule verbatim, with the exception of the addition of the line relating to the length of time the subject's mother's people have resided in that particular district.

The vagueness of the question, "What district do your father's (or mother's) people come from? is better for our purpose than any more precise question would be, as it gives us just the information we require. For example, if with specious exactitude we asked a subject where he was born, and he replied. "Cambridge," then where his parents were born, it