brown (chestnut), dark brown, or black hair—occurs in Dorset, Wilts, Cornwall, Gloucestershire, the Welsh Marches, South Wales, Bucks, and Herts.

For the sake of clearness I will take a few counties of England only, and give the conclusions to which Dr. Beddoe has arrived from his studies of their ethnography.

"Lincolnshire, for example, is supposed to be a particularly Teutonic county. Whether Lindum Colonia was destroyed by the Angles we do not know; perhaps, as it kept its name and situation, it fared better than most Romano-British towns, and retained more of its ancient population; but certainly Lincolnshire received a large colony of Angles, who divided it into a great number of hundreds, and who were subsequently overlaid by a heavy stratum of Danes, as the place-names testify. The inhabitants have the tall and bulky frame which is generally believed to be Anglo-Danish, though the nature of the soil and other conditions may have to do with it. Lincolnshire stands third in all England on the blond scale as tested by the index of nigrescence.'

Dr. Beddoe's personal observations in the county indicate a moderate proportion of dark eyes and a great deal of light, or lightish brown hair, with a low index. of nigrescence; these observations are confirmed respectively by the maps. (Figs. 2 and 3.) The modern population of Lincoln are a fair and handsome people, with regular features; blue eyed, says Professor Phillips-but Dr. Beddoe calls them blue or light

* Races of Britain, p. 145.

hazel; the latter hue is very common at Boston. The civic population there, though not quite so strikingly fair as in the surrounding peasantry, are much more so than in most parts of the islands; they have all the characteristics of pure Saxo-Frisians, and are hardly distinguishable from the frequenters of Antwerp market.* Their index of nigrescence is the lowest Dr. Beddoe has met with in any considerable town in Britain.

From Lincoln to Nottingham, along the Vale of the Trent, the same breed of men prevails. Mr. D. Mackintosh, who has carefully studied the features, makes the leading points of his Danish type a long face, high cheek-bones, with a sudden sinking in above on each side of the forehead, high and long nose, head elevated behind, reddish hair. There is a traditional attribution of red hair to the old Danish invaders in some parts of the country, but Dr. Beddoe does not believe "the colour is common in Lincolnshire nowadays. The high, finely-formed nose and prominence of the superciliary ridges, yet with fairly arched brows, not the straight penthouse of the Scotch and Irish, are frequently seen in Denmark; and where they are very prevalent among the Anglians a Danish cross may be suspected."† Mr. Park Harrison lays great stress upon this feature as Danish. It is common to the Borreby race and to the loc. cit., p. 252. t loc. cit., p. 253.

British bronze men, to the Sion type of Switzerland and to many Savoyards.

Leicestershire was largely colonized by the Danes ; Rutland was not so. The former differs from the other North-Midland counties, apparently, by having retained a good proportion of the dark pre-Anglian stock.

In the Triads, and elsewhere in old Welsh literature the Coranied are referred to; these have been "identified with the Coritavi, or Coritani, of the Romans, from the similarity of the first syllable in each word, from a statement that the Coranied settled about the Humber, and from the name of Ratis Corion having been applied to Leicester, seemingly the chief town of the Coritavi. The only grounds for making the Coranied and Coritavi (allowing them to be the same) Germans are, their siding with the Saxons, and having a Latin name ending in avi, like the undoubtedly Germanic tribes of the Batavi and Chamavi."* Dr. Beddoe entirely disagrees with this view for the following reasons :—

"They are supposed to have occupied the counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Rutland, and part of Northamptonshire; in these counties I can find no Roman station whose name appears to be Teutonic, while the important town of Margidunum, near Southwell in Nottinghamshire, bears a name almost certainly Celtic, and Ratis Corion does the same; and Nottingham would seem to have

* loc. cit., p. 23.

remained Celtic long enough for its Welsh name not to have been altogether forgotten even in the time of Alfred; for Asser says it was called in Welsh Tigguocobauc. Again, if the Coritavi were Germans, and were overlaid by successive strata of Angles and Danes, one may reasonably expect to find the Teutonic physical type prevalent over their whole area to a degree not found elsewhere in Britain. Now, in the northern part of the Coritanian area it is really very prevalent, but in the southern (Leicestershire and Northamptonshire) there is, if I may judge by the colours of the hair and eyes, a strong non-Teutonic element. The following table (page 44) shows a great difference between Lincoln and Leicester, Nottingham and Northampton, in these respects, there being a much larger proportion of dark hair in the two more southern towns.'

"Professor Phillips, than whom no ethnologist was a keener observer, once visited Leicester with the expectation of finding a strongly marked Scandinavian type predominant there; but he was surprised to find a dark-haired type, which he supposed to be Celtic, equally prevalent."

The northern part of Cambridgeshire is also supposed to retain a large proportion of British blood; the fens formed the impenetrable retreat, and we all know how the Isle of Ely held out against the Normans. In his memoir on "Stature and Bulk of Man in the British Isles," Dr. Beddoef quotes Dr. L. Clapham and Dr. H. Stuckey, as finding rather more hazel and brown than blue or grey eyes; out of fifty observations twenty-seven eyes were dark and twentythree light. I remember well, on returning to

loc. cit., p. 24.

+ Mem. Anthrop. Soc., iii., 1869, pp. 458, 459.