It is evident that the light colours range below and the dark above zero, and that the fairer the population the greater will be the minus quantity.

The index for the eyes is obtained by subtracting the light from the dark and neglecting the neutral shades, thus:

Dark - Light = Index.

Dr. Collignon adopts another plan, he reduces all his figures to percentages; then for any given district he adds the light hair and the light eyes together, and does the same with the dark hair and eyes, dividing each total by two. Lastly, he constructs maps to show the relative excess of one total over the other.

In that mine of information The Races of Britain,* Beddoe has published a series of maps, which he has constructed from statistics based upon about 13,800 entries in the Hue and Cry, relating to deserters from the army, and to a much smaller extent, deserters from the navy and absentees from militia drill. Through the kindness of my friend I am able to reproduce three of these maps, which set forth the broad features of the distribution of the hair and eye-colours of the male population of England. Dr. Beddoe has made, in addition, a vast number of observations of this class, and he finds that his data coincide very fairly well with the

p. 143 et seq.

0-5

5+

10+

15+

20+

FIG. 2.

Map showing the distribution of the Index of Nigrescence in England, based upon Military Schedules; after Beddoe,

-25

25+

33+

40+

FIG. 3.

Map showing the distribution of Dark (Brown or Hazel) Eyes in England, based upon Military Schedules; after Beddoe.

military statistics. The personal investigations of Beddoe afford a more accurate and minute means of analysis, and they bring out a number of very suggestive facts that are lost in the synthetic maps based on the military schedules.

The maps based on the military schedules accord with ethnological history in exhibiting a large proportion of light-coloured hair in the regions most subject to invasion and colonization, and of darkcoloured hair in the far west.

Taking the four kingdoms, their order from light to dark is as follows:

Connaught (with 70'6 per cent.) ranks second to Ulster (with 73'4 per cent.) as to lightness of eyes, and has more dark hair than any province of Ireland or of Great Britain except Argyle. This is in agreement with the feature that strikes travellers in the west of Ireland, the preponderance of dark brown hair combined with grey or blue-grey eyes.*

In England most of the "mixed brown type," as it is called-that is, brown, hazel, or "black" eyes, with

* Cf. a paper recently published by DR. BEDDOE "On Complexional Differences between the Irish with Indigenous and Exotic Surnames,” Journ. Anth. Inst., xxvii., 1897, p. 164.