By the first class of drunkards, among other acts of immorality, there are uttered 5,642,000,000 oaths in the course of a year. In the second, we may reasonably suppose a round of half a dozen to be uttered by each individual while intoxicated, and, from the habit thus formed, three per day while sober; and in the third, two whilst intoxicated, and one per day while sober. The yearly number of oaths is 8,393,000,000; the sum total for the century (taking in 25 leap years) being upwards of eight hundred and fifty thousand millions (850,451,785,699!)

Estimating a generation of confirmed drunkards to endure 10 years, occasional drunkards 15 years, and rare drunkards 25 years, British drinking customs will have produced 15,750,000 drunkards during the present century!

There are 100,000 persons constantly in custody for crime, and 400,000 more indulging in criminality at large. Estimating a generation at 10 years, there will have risen up in crime, during the century, 5,000,000 persons. Supposing each individual at large to commit one offence daily, the number annually will be 146,000,000; or from the year 1801 to 1900, more than fifteen thousand millions (15,642,857,100!) Of these 500,000 criminals, 228,000 are prostitutes; and estimating their individual career of infamy at 10 years, there will have passed through society during the present century, 2,280,000 of these unfortunate and pernicious beings. Reckoning each to commit one crime per day, the number amounts to 83,220,000 yearly; and, in the course of the century will be upwards of eight thousand millions (8,327,700,000 !)

More than 1,000,000 of the British population are in regular receipt of parochial relief. Estimating the pauper list to be renewed in five years, 20,000,000 persons during the century will have been reduced to this hapless condition; and the expense occasioned to the community, at the present rate, will have been about £700,000,000.

About 40,000 persons in the United Kingdom are afflicted with insanity; and if we take ten years as the duration of one race, not less than 400,000 individuals will have suffered from this awful malady from the beginning to the end of the century.

About 7,000 persons annually perish in the United Kingdom through accidents while drunk; which number at the end of the century will amount to 700,000! Suppose an average of 25 years in the life of each to be thus cut off, the aggregate annual loss of human life will be 175,000 years, and during the century 17,500,000 years! This, however, is not a tithe of the sacrifice. If we estimate the 500,000 drunkards, after becoming such, to run their career in 10 years, the annual mortality among them will be 50,000. Supposing each to diminish his life 20 years, the annual loss of human life amounts to 1,000,000 years, and in the century to 100,000,000! Supposing the 1,000,000 freedrinkers to commence drinking at the age of 20, and be replaced every 20 years, the annual mortality among them will be 50,000; and the annual loss of life, at 15 years per head, 750,000 years, or, in the century, 750,000,000! Estimating the 2,000,000 moderate drinkers to be replaced in 25 years—that is, to attain the average age of about 45— the annual mortality among them will be 80,000 years annually; or 80,000,000 in the century. The total loss of human life in the three classes must be 2,550,000 years annually; or 255 000,000 years in the

century !-equal, at 30 years' average, to the extinction of a nation more populous than Ireland!

The loss to the working classes alone through drinking, appears to be £110,000,000 annually; and that to the wealthier part of the community £25,000,000. Estimating the loss of property by accidents and depredations, the expense of private watchmen, of the police force, administration of justice, maintenance of criminals, lunatics, paupers, and beggars, the cost of building and repairing gaols, asylums, workhouses, hospitals, and benevolent institutions, occasioned by drunkenness, at £15,000,000, and adding to this £50,000,000 for the loss of labour, the sum total requisite for supporting the drinking system amounts to £200,000,000 annually! At the century's end the aggregate cost will be twenty thousand millions (£20,000,000,000). Supposing £11 in every £20 of this sum to be withheld from the trade of the country, the commercial loss of the nation is £110,000,000 annually-more than twice as much as the entire foreign trade. The total loss to the trade of the country during the century will be eleven thousand millions (£11,000,000,000), equal to the foreign trade of two hundred and eleven years.

The amount of grain annually destroyed in the manufacture of malt liquors and spirits is 58,000,000 bushels, weighing 1,450,000 tons. Of this grain 32,000,000 gallons of liquid poison are made by brewing, and about 12,000,000 by distillation. A number of poisonous drugs, and about 469,000,000 gallons of water are added, and this liquor (containing 86,383 tons of the grain) is employed in destroying the lives and morals of the people. Distributed equally among the population of 28,000,000, each person would receive daily of this concoction, rather more than four drams (a quarter of an ounce) of spoiled food, nearly the fourth part of a gill of alcohol, and one gill and nearly a half of water. The yearly allowance would be sixty-seven quarts of water, six quarts two and a half gills of alcohol, and six pounds fourteen ounces of stinking food. The grain thus wasted, used as food, would make nearly a thousand millions of 4 lb. loaves (928,000,000); and, at 1 lb. each per day, would serve 6,786,105 people with food the whole of the year. In the course of the century 5,800,000,000 bushels, weighing 145,000,000 tons, will have been destroyed, which, made into bread, would feed the present population, at the above rate, for 24 years.

In 1845 there were in the United Kingdom 121,985 licensed dealers in intoxicating liquors. Supposing each to have a wife or husband, and two assistants (servants or children), and to deal with thirty customers each Sunday (for there is more drinking on this day than usual), the number of sabbath-breakings in connection with the drinking system, will be 4,147,490 weekly, or 215,669,480 yearly. It is moreover estimated, that 40,000 persons are at work every Sunday in the

* The entire British manufactured, mineral, and fishery productions of the year 1840 were estimated, in round numbers, at £200,000,000; and calculating the agricultural productions at £250,000,000, the total must have been £450,000,000. The Parliamentary Commissioners on Drunkenness reported the loss of labour through drinking as equal to one-sixth of the whole, and facts we have adduced bear this out; but taking it at oneninth, it amounts to £50,000,000! The national produce, therefore, should be £500,000,000.

malt kilns (Sunday work being indispensable in the manufacture of malt), which makes the annual number of sabbath-breakers 2,080,000 more; giving a total of 217,749,480 yearly; or, in the course of the century, upwards of twenty-one thousand millions (21,774,948,000).

About 30,000 members of Christian churches are annually expelled, or caused to withdraw, through habits of drunkenness or free-drinking, brought on by the conventional drinking practices of society. At the end of the century their number will amount to 3,000,000, equal to thirty thousand congregations! Most or all drunkards have been Sunday-school scholars; but estimating only three-fourths of them to have been such, it will appear that of the half million falling into their abandoned ranks every ten years, 475,000 have at one time lisped their hosannas in the sabbath school-room.-How dark the night of morn so fair! In the course of the century 4,750,000 of our innocents will thus have been demoralised! Oh, come to the rescue, come! Great God, do thou!

How gloomy the scenes of intemperance! How horrible the reflections of the mirror! But-and it is an important but-the greater part of these horrors have yet to come; now the question is, shall they come? Nearly every person, we suppose, is a Christian, a patriot, or a philanthropist. Reader! thou, perhaps, art a Christian; open then thy Bible, and read James iv. 17: "To him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin." If really a Christian, thou must, with us, be resolved these horrors shall not come. Perhaps thou art a Patriot; well, then, thou canst not let them come, and continue the desolation of thy country. If a Philanthropist, thou wilt not let them come thou canst not, if thou dost to another that thou wouldst he should do to thee. How, for instance, shouldst thou like to be a drunkard? Not at all. Consider this, then. If you, with 14 others, commence drinking moderately at the age of 20, by the time you are 50 three of your companions will have become confirmed drunkards, and several others troublesome drinkers, from mutual encouragement; consequently, you will have performed the fifth in the making of a drunkard. And this, not by club or convivial meeting, but by ordinary social indulgence. Exert your philanthropy, then, and let not the sin and misery predicted in the mirror fall upon your fellows. Let but each professing Christian, each patriot, and philanthropist, give up his glass, and all is done that's needed. If done simultaneously-" one and all" -three brief months will work an astonishing reform. Temperance will then reign, and prosperity, peace, and happiness abound. Which, reader, dost thou declare for the peacefulness of temperance, or the horrors of intemperance-which? If the latter, testify it by continuing thy personal support of the drinking system-by practice and example; if the former, testify it by rendering personal support to the temperance reformation-identify thyself with this great moral movement; depend upon it, no other regret will be occasioned than that the act was not done earlier.

Societies may receive 24 Sixpenny Packets of Tracts and Hand Bills, in any part of London, by a post-office order for 10s. 6d., or 50 packets for 21s. being sent to Richard Dykes Alexander, Ipswich.-Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., London.

Stereotyped and Printed by J. M. Burton, Ipswich,

NUTRITION OF THE BODY, AND IN THE PRODUCTION OF DISEASE.

BY

WALTER JOHNSON, M.B.

WITH AN APPENDIX

BY EDWARD JOHNSON, M. D.,

Author of 'Life, Health, and Disease.'

LONDON:

WILLIAM TWEEDIE, 337, STRAND.

Societies may receive Twenty-four Sixpenny Packets of Tracts and Hand Bills in any part of London, by a Post-Office Order for 10s. 6d., or Fifty Packets for 21s., being sent to Richard Dykes Alexander, Ipswich.

Illustrating a portion of the Liver under the Microscope.

d Vein from Intestines.

e Vein from Spleen.

f Veins from Stomach.

9 Common Vein, which receives the blood from the veins abovementioned, and transmits it to the liver. It is called the Portal Vein.

h Branches of Portal Vein, dipping into the substance of the liver.