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seems, was in as great a strait as this, | magnifying that saying, Pænitentia opwhen having transgressed her vow of tima, nova vita, the best repentance is continency, she told her confessor a new life; yet in the practice of it plainly, that when she saw what a son we shall all find, that though contrition she had brought forth, she could not re- | may begin our peace with God, yet a pent, that she had sinned in having him: new life must crown it; though tears a hard condition! but her confessor may soften the wax for pardon, yet a sadly answered her, Dole saltem quod resolute amendment must set to the dolere non possis, be sorry at least that seal. You therefore that have recothou canst not sorrow: and the like must vered out of the contagion of any parI say to thee, O troubled sinner; if thou ticular bosom sin, let me beseech you, findst but so much impression made as as ever you would have the angels joy to grieve really, that thou canst not for you, not to lean, or listen, or ingrieve, know that thou art already cline again to the opportunities, the come to a degree of that which thou occasions that have betrayed you; to grievest thou art not come to; know cast off all inducements to sin, to hate again, that it is the beginning of that even the garment that is spotted by the thaw, which at last will dissolve thy very flesh; for who, having escaped the heart to water. Six times Elias his plague, would not burn the clothes he servant looked towards the sea, before wore when he was infected? Be not he could see any thing; the seventh like those planetary, unsteady penitime he saw but a cloud no bigger tents, who, having discharged their sin than his hand, yet that cloud within a this day in the ears of their God, take few hours covered the heaven with it up again the next day in the arms darkness, and the earth with rain: of a sinner; as if God were bound to just so may be thy case, when thou art set no end to pardoning, because they praying to thy God as Caleb's daughter are wilful to set no end of sinning: did unto her father, Dedisti mihi terram Hoccine pænitere? is this to repent? aridam, da etiam irriguam, thou hast can the angels joy at this? no: as hitherto made me the owner of a dry, there are no rests, no stops, no pauses a barren heart, but give me now some in their holy anthems; so they look too springs of water, some feeling at least, there should be no digressions, no some sorrow for my sins. Though at breakings off, in thy repentance. If six times bending of thy knees, God then any of thy former sins will needs doth not grant it thee, though at the | knock unseasonably at the door of thy seventh there appear but one small heart for entrance, answer them as drop swimming in thy eyes; yet be the spouse in the Canticles: I have put not discomforted, that drop may prove off my clothes, how should I put them a shower, or if not suddenly, yet in the on? I have washed my feet, how should mean time the angels begin their joy I defile them? I have put off my sins, in that; for, as the least piece of a why should I resume them? I am rebroken glass may serve to reflect the conciled to my God, why should I offend face that is before it, so from that him? O what triumphs does he cause small drop, that spot of sorrow, there above, that thus answers his temptais a reflection made of thy repentance; tions here! what shouts, what peals, and as there is a full joy for the total, what jubilees of joy, even for one the full conversion of a sinner, so there such sinner that repenteth. is a proportion, a measure of joy for one tear, nay for one desire of a tear of any one sinner that repenteth.

We are now come to the last particular, For one sinner: but what, for one? yes, even for one; for could it be supposed, saith Saint Austine, that there were but one lost soul in the whole world, suppose it were only

But stay, you must remember I told you repentance had two faces, not only a sad one that looked back, but a cheerful, that looks forward on new re-thine; yet thy Saviour, thy Jesus, solutions; for, as in diseases, it is not would have come into the world, he enough to purge, to sweat, to bleed, would have suffered all that he did unless we keep a stricter diet after it: suffer; those scorns, those buffetings, so neither are tears, or sighs, nor a that passion, and that death, for that broken heart sufficient, unless we for- one soul of thine. If God then would bear to commit again the sin we sor- have died for a single sinner, may it rowed for: for, however Bellarmine be not become the angels to joy for him, pleased to censure Luther for over-whom their God would die for? Of

Question the 1st,-"Which is the best method of making bread?

respondents should be ignorant of this,
the only way to be informed is to
inquire of some ancient dame. The
following general observations may
be of use.
quor with which the spunge is to be
The temperature of the li-
set, should never (except in very cold
weather indeed, or when it is absolute-
ly necessary to raise the sponge in a
very short time) be above milk warm.
It is a general rule, that the hotter the
liquor, the darker is the bread.

the ten lepers whom Christ had cured, there was but one turned back to thank him, yet there was joy in hea- The method that prevails throughven even for that one; of the many out the kingdom, is, I believe, the best she-sinners in Jerusalem, there was for making small quantities; and this but one Mary Magdalene that washed is so generally known, that it is useher Saviour's feet with tears, yet there less to describe it. Indeed the strength was joy in heaven even for that one. of yeast varies so much in different Should there want one string to a lute, parts of the country, that no general the music would not be full; or one rule can be laid down, as to the quanlink to a chain, the chain would be im-tity necessary for any given portion of perfect; or one regenerate soul to the flour. Experience has taught most number of the elect, heaven would not old housekeepers, the strength of the be satisfied; why then doth not every yeast in the county in which they one of us strive to make up that num-live; and therefore if any of your corber? how long shall God expect for one sinner to make towards him? when shall his holy angels spy so much as a promising cloud in thine eyes, that thy tears are coming to a settled resolution in thy heart that thy life is changed? what shall I say more? Let there be but one among you that shall reckon his conversion from this day; God the Father shall bless the memory of this day for ever, for he shall gain a son: God the Son with his own blood shall give it a red letter in his calendar, for he shall gain a brother: God the Holy Ghost shall sanctify it, for he shall gain a temple: or if this be not loud enough, all the glorious angels shall at this instant shout for joy, even for that one sinner that repenteth. Who then would not thus make holiday in heaven? who would not feast the Trinity? or who would not joy the angels? begin there-able?" fore your repentance early. Begin it now, since this is the only way to fill up the number of those angels that expect you, when instead of having your sorrows the burden of their songs, you shall become the fellow-singers of

their anthems. Amen.

Great care must be taken not to scald the yeast; for if this takes place, heavy bread is the certain consequence; and if the yeast be allowed to freeze, the result is the same.

Question 2d." Which way can the labouring poor, who are pent up in the heart of cities, &c. get the flour or meal (say a bushel at a time) so as to have it genuine, and at the same time reason

As your work circulates through the kingdom, it is difficult to give an answer to this question, that will be applicable to all the places in which it is read, on account of the different customs that prevail in different places. In some, the wheat is brought into the market, and sold in small quantities. In others, the millers who live in the

Answer to some Queries on Domestic vicinity of large towns, are in the ha

Economy.

MR. EDITOR,

SIR, I have taken up my pen to
answer some of the questions on Do-
mestic Economy, proposed by one of
your correspondents, and inserted in
your 7th Number, column 658. As it
is probable that the "
game" he has
started will be followed up, I trust, in
the end he will not be " a loser," but
a gainer," by taking in your instruc-
tive miscellany. I am, Sir,

Your humble servant,
ECONOMICUS.

bit of supplying those persons who can afford to purchase from a bushel to a sack of flour at a time. While in others, the public are principally supplied by flour-dealers, or meal-men. To get genuine flour, I know of no better plan than the following: for dealers to promise their custom to one individual, so long as he continues to supply them with an article of good quality. The price of flour is generally regulated by the sellers, and therefore quality is the principal object.

Question 3d.-" Is there any substi

tute for yeast? or, if not, which way ON THE INCLINATION OF THE EARTH can yeast be preserved?”

TO THE LEVEL OF ITS ORBIT.

[Concluded from col. 924.]

Yeast may be preserved for a considerable time, by corking it up tight If an heterogeneous mass such as the in a bottle, and sinking it in a well of earth, were propelled forward, whether cold water. No discovery has yet been by mechanical force, or a supposed made of a substitute for yeast, that physical influence, while rotating will answer the purposes of house- upon its axis, the position of its poles keepers, who bake but small quanti- would be regulated by the arrangeties at a time. When yeast is very ment, or relative situation of the sevescarce, or very dear, the following ex-ral masses composing its internal strucpedient may be adopted, to make a ture. less quantity suffice. Suppose it is intended to make 14 lbs. of flour into bread. First, peel and boil 1 lb. of potatoes; pour the water from them, and beat them up very fine, and mix with them about a quarter of a pound of flour; then add as much of the warm water in which they were boiled, as will reduce the whole to the consistency of common yeast. Then put about one third of the yeast you would otherwise use for the 14 lbs. of flour, and mix it well up with the potatoes, &c. Cover the vessel over in which you make it, and let it stand in a warm place, until it has risen like a regular sponge, and begins to fall again. This will generally be in about two hours. You may then proceed to make your bread as usual, substituting the whole | of this instead of your yeast, and using rather more salt than usual, in consequence of the potatoes. Those who think proper to use more than one pound of potatoes, had better mix the additional quantity with the dough, and not with the yeast, in the first instance.

Question 4th." What inventions are there, if any, that will enable a person to bake a loaf or two at a time, either be fore, or on, a common fire?"

There are none; nor do I think it possible to bake bread properly but in an oven. Genteel families have their Dutch ovens, and they are very convenient; but economy is not their object: and the poor in the country have their small brick ovens, and know very well how to use them; but the poor in large towns cannot have these. Those who choose to make their own bread, may always have it baked at the common bake-houses, for from 2d. to 3d. per peck. In some places all the bread is baked in the bottom of the oven, and not in tins. This plan has other advantages than merely seeing it put into the oven, and this in some cases is no small one.

As the centre of gravity depends upon the disposition of the internal strata of bodies, so an unequal distribution of weighty matter forming the aggregate, is sufficient to balance the earth in a position which does not accord with the centre of distance; the earth having in all probability been thrown into motion before consolidation of its substance had taken place. The subsequent formation of ponderous compounds, near the circumference, is likely to have created a physical centre in that situation, much in the same way that a ship is said to be trimmed by shifting its ballast, which transfers the centre of gravity to some other part of the vessel.

It may be illustrated by any orbicular body in a fluid medium, such as an egg, after the yellow part has adhered to the shell by lying some time on a shelf. If in this state it be immersed in water, instead of lying with its two ends on a level with the surface of the water, one will be depressed and the other elevated; or if projected into the air, its long diameter would be in a slanting direction, with a line perpendicular to the horizon; and however great the velocity of its rotatory motion might be, the same position of its ends would be preserved as long as the yolk continued fixed in its new situation. The earth is a heterogeneous oblate of various densities, in shape resembling an orange, immersed in a fluid medium, which sustains it under the control, according to Newton, of two distinct forces; by one it is supposed to be perpetually urged forward, and by the other drawn aside from a right line.

In its annular circuit round the sun, its long diameter inclines to the level of its path, exactly like the ends of the swimming egg, with an extraneous weight laterally situated near its great extremity, do to the surface of the water.

I therefore infer that this relative, peculiar, and friendly position of the earth to the sun in its orbit, by which it leans to embrace the lucid rays, is from some preponderating masses of matter locally fixed during the primeval arrangement of its strata, either laterally situated, or encircling the earth in the direction of one of its poles, and which poise the buoyant globe towards the level of its track.

Having examined what we have reason to think is the real state of things, I now proceed to consider the reverse. Were the earth an equally homogeneous sphere, every atom of which it is composed would tend to one common centre, and in that point would centre the principle of gravity according to Newton, or the rotatory centripitation of Phillips.

If under the circumstances I have now stated it were possible for the earth to have a long diameter, the whirling rotations would preserve it in one direction, with its poles either flat to the level of its orbit; or, its axis being perpendicular to the centre of the sun, as in the months of March and September, days and nights would then be equal from north to south, and the healthful vicissitudes we now experience, would be unknown. On the contrary, were the axis of the earth always horizontal to the centre of the sun, and moving onwards with the poles in the same direction, neither ascending nor descending through its orbicular circuit; one of the poles would be in continual night, and the other, opposed to, or facing the sun, would receive his burning lustre in one eternal day; while the lateral parts of the earth would never come in contact with any direct emanations from the orb of light, but crossing obliquely over, would involve the equatorial inhabitants in the dreary gloom of endless twilight. Their brightest days would be no better than the glimmer of distant meteors; and the greatest part of our terrestrial abode might then be called a howling wilderness," -a "dim obscurity," "the shroud of nature, and return of chaos." The inhabitants of either region would know of no medium between great extremes of heat and cold. In pursuit of a warmer clime, the forlorn traveller who left his abode upon the equator, would feel in his journey a transition as sudden and fatal as that No. 11.-VOL. I.

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from Lapland to Bencoolen; and the swarthy emigrant from his polar Elysium would experience a vicissitude in the reverse, equally sudden and alarming. The former, suffering expansion from excess of temperature, would swelter and expire under the scorching rays of a vertical sun; while the latter, losing his animal excitability, would fall asleep, and perish from cold.

Whether the present hypothesis be built upon the Newtonian system, or the mechanical philosophy of Sir R. Phillips, the result is equally clear and satisfactory. That the earth is from some cause thrown out of its due level, or, in other words, that its long diameter does not lie parallel or flat, but ascend and descend from the plane of its orbit, is an admitted fact. That an effect so constant and regular in its operations, and of such vast importance to the whole circle of created beings, is made to continue without some proximate and efficient cause, no one will deny; and should we not expect to find the origin of that cause in the primary arrangement of the most ponderous compounds, which, under the superintending wisdom of God, were made to accumulate in greatest abundance in the direction of one of its poles? If the weighty strata of matter so locally accumulated, whether laterally situated or encircling the whole diameter, be in the direction of one of the poles; and if, as we may reasonably suppose, the ponderous matter about the north pole is composed of metallic laminæ, of iron ore, loadstone, &c. we then not only account for the earth's inclination to the level of its orbit, on scientific and rational principles, but we also account for the hitherto mysterious disposition, or directive force, of the magnet, and of its influential effect upon the metallic needle when it is said to traverse, and also why its poles will not lie parallel or flat, the north being depressed, and the south elevated above the horizon.

The dipping of the magnetic needle, and its wavering about, increasing the nearer it is made to approach the north pole, argues most forcibly that a spectator placed at no great distance from that north pole, would have the attracting body or centre of gravity of Newton, or of centripitation of Phillips, in an almost vertical direction beneath his feet.

By the dipping of the needle we are

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to understand the direction, if free to move, it would naturally pursue to what we call the magnetic centre; and we have reason to suppose a magnetic needle suspended in a vertical plane at the equator, would, if free to move, and the strata of the earth presented no mechanical impediment, penetrate the globe in a diagonal line to the north pole, with as much precision as if projected or made to fly in that direction by any adequate mechanical force. The dip of the needle therefore corroborates the supposition I have before made, and it affords an additional testimony by which a theory which was before possible, is now made to appear probable; and by which we also gain an important step towards the discovery of the rationale of that play of matter which draw or repel, or seem to draw or repel, the different points of the magnet to, or from each other.

The time, we hope, is not far distant, when the gallant Lieutenant Parry will return with an absolute demonstration of what I now conjecture. It should seem that the goodness of Almighty God, which dealeth out his blessings equally to the evil as the good, has wisely instituted the cause of which I have been speaking, to be productive of a double advantage to his creatures. By one, we are supplied with light and heat, which elicit in their turn, from the otherwise barren desert, fertility and abundance for the comfort and support of animal life; by the other, a rallying point, which affords to man an unerring guide, and is as a lantern to his path, in traversing from pole to pole the

earth he inhabits.

Why magnetized iron attracts iron, is a question distinct from the present inquiry; an explanation of which, involves the doctrine of innate attraction, of Newton, and mechanical protrusion of Phillips, in the issue. The day of discussion is at hand, and we look to it with the greatest solicitude.

Mechanical philosophy has certainly advanced with a firmness which bids defiance to opposition. It challenges to combat the combined energies of its opponents, with a confidence and self-satisfaction peculiar to itself; and it meets its gigantic abettors with that dignified propriety, which will merit respect and admiration, although it should not ensure victory. The champion, if at last vanquished, who so bravely encounters

a host of adversaries, will fall with the honours of a hero. The philosopher is anxious that his theory shall meet the coldest feelings of doubt and scepțicism, (in this he is gratified,) and he has expressed himself in a parenthesis which every lover of truth and candour must admire. It does equal honour to the enlightened mind and feelings of its intelligent author, and the cause of truth he so earnestly wishes to serve.

Although I differ from Sir Richard Phillips in some particulars, (and which may soon appear,) as an admirer of the temper and candour he has continually evinced in his long and arduous enterprise, it extorts this tribute of respect from one, who to him is entirely unknown, and is wont to say to the champion of physical philosophy, Proceed, and may invincible demonstration attend your march.

We regret much that the valuable MS. by G. M―N, on the "Earth's Inclination," which appeared in our Magazine for last month, should have been penned in so fashionable a manner of writing; since we learn from a letter with which he has favoured us, that it has been the cause of some important omissions, and several verbal mistakes, as will appear by the following errata.

Scientific subjects, and their abstruse terms, require to be written in a plain hand. The document before us is an original production, and G. M-N, we are persuaded, is fully competent to his subject. Some of his original ideas, and among them those omitted in the Sketches, we trust will soon appear connected with some other subject to which they may be equally applied.

In expresing our wishes for a continuance of his valuable communications, we beg that they may appear in a hand-writing less liable to be mistaken by the compositor.

ERRATA. Col. 919. line 22, for "or obstructed," read and obstructed.—c. 921. l. 47. aggressions," read eggressions.—c. 922. l. 15. For what" we can denominate," read, for what

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we now denominate.-1. 22. for "atomic forces," read, atomic forms.—1. 33. for “ formed a contact," read came in contact.—1. 36. for “ alpathetic," read synthetic.—c. 923. 1. 8. for " diterations," read attractions.-I. 37. for " symvine efficiency," read the divine efficiency.1. 19. for "alliance," read alliances.-c. 924. 1. 9. for "combination of elements," read freak of elements.

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