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as bull or cow, pp. 277-281, as horse, pp. 281-283, as pig, pp. 284-288;
sacramental character of harvest supper, divine animal slain and eaten by
harvesters as embodiment of corn-spirit, p. 288; parallelism between
conceptions of corn-spirit in human and in animal form, p. 288 sq.; why
corn-spirit is conceived as an animal, p. 289 sq.; Dionysus as goat and
bull probably still a deity of vegetation, pp. 291-294; ox as representative
of spirit of vegetation in the Athenian bouphonia, in an African sacrifice,
and a ceremony observed by the Chinese in spring, pp. 294-298; the corn-
goddesses Demeter and Proserpine conceived as pigs, pp. 299-303; the
horse-headed Demeter, p. 303; Attis and Adonis embodied in pigs,
p. 304 sq.; the pig originally a sacred animal of the Jews and Egyptians,
pp. 305-310; the pig perhaps formerly an embodiment of the corn-god
Osiris, p. 310 sq.; red oxen as embodiments of Osiris, p. 311 sq.; the
sacred Egyptian bulls Apis and Mnevis, origin of their worship uncertain,
p. 312 sq.; the horse perhaps an embodiment of Virbius as a deity of
vegetation, pp. 313-315; sacrifice of the October horse, as embodiment of
the corn-spirit, at Rome, pp. 315-318.

§ 11. Eating the God, pp. 318-366.-New corn eaten sacramentally in Europe,

pp. 318-321; new rice eaten sacramentally in East Indies, India, and

Indo-China, pp. 321-325; eating new yams on the Niger, p. 325; Caffre

festival of new fruits, pp. 325-328; festival of new corn among the

Creek, Seminole, and Natchez Indians, pp. 329-335; preparation for

eating sacred food by purgatives, fasting, etc., pp. 335-337; sacrifice of

first-fruits, p. 337; dough images of gods eaten sacramentally by the

Mexicans, pp. 337-342; flesh of a man who represented a god also eaten

sacramentally by the Mexicans, p. 342 sq.; at Aricia loaves perhaps baked

in the image of the slain King of the Wood and eaten by the worshippers,

p. 343 sq.; the Compitalia, p. 343 sq.; effigies offered to ghosts and

demons as substitutes for living people, pp. 344-352; belief of the savage

that he acquires the qualities of animals and men by eating their flesh,

inoculating himself with their ashes, or anointing himself with their fat,

PP. 353-365; hence his reason for eating a god is to imbue himself with

the divine qualities, p. 365 sq.

§ 12. Killing the Divine Animal, pp. 366-448.-Hunters and shepherds as well

as farmers kill their gods, p. 366; Californian sacrifice of the great

buzzard, p. 366 sq.; Egyptian sacrifice of the ram of Ammon, p. 368 sq.;

use of skin of divine animal, p. 369 sq.; annual sacrifice of the cobra-

capella in Fernando Po, p. 370 sq.; Zuni sacrifice of the turtle, pp. 371-

374; worship and slaughter of bears by the Ainos, pp. 374-380, the

Gilyaks, pp. 380-386, the Goldi, p. 386, and the Orotchis, p. 386; the

respect of these peoples for the bear apparently inconsistent with their

custom of killing and eating them, p. 387, but this inconsistency not felt

by the savage, who draws no sharp distinction between himself and the

animals, pp. 387-389; the savage hunter dreads the vengeance of the

animals he has killed or of the other creatures of the species, p. 389;

hence he spares dangerous and useless animals, p. 389, such as crocodiles,

pp. 389-393, tigers, pp. 393-395, snakes, etc., p. 395 sq.; and in killing

animals he tries to appease them and their fellows, p. 396; thus bear-hunters' flatter and cajole the slain bears, pp. 396-400; elephanthunters beg pardon of the elephants, p. 400 sq.; marks of respect shown to dead lions and leopards, p. 401; eagle-hunters feed the dead eagles, p. 401 sq.; respect shown for animals varies according to the strength and utility of the beast, p. 402 sq.; propitiation of sables and beavers by the hunters, pp. 403-406; propitiation of deer, elan, and elk by American Indians, pp. 406-408; respect shown by Esquimaux and Greenlanders for the reindeer and seal they have killed, pp. 408-410; propitiation of fish, especially the first fish of the season, by fishing people, pp. 410-415; bones of game respected, sometimes from a belief in the resurrection of animals, pp. 415-417; bones of men sometimes preserved or destroyed to facilitate or prevent their resurrection, p. 417 sq.; resurrection of animals and men in folk-tales, p. 418 sq.; sinew of the thigh of slain animals preserved, perhaps as necessary for the reproduction of the species, pp. 419-421; vermin, such as weevils, leaf-flies, caterpillars, locusts, mice and rats, propitiated by farmers to induce them to spare the crops, pp. 422-426; images of the noxious creatures made as talismans against them, p. 426 sq.; Greek gods worshipped under the title of the pests they exterminated, hence Mouse Apollo, Locust Apollo, Mildew Apollo, Locust Hercules, etc., p. 427; the worship originally paid not to the gods but to the pests themselves (mice, locusts, mildew, etc.), p. 427 sq.; Wolfish Apollo and the wolves, p. 428 sq.; certain animals or species of animals spared because they contain the souls of dead people, pp. 430-435; attitude of Ainos and Gilyaks to the bear explained, p. 435 sq.; two types of animal worship, p. 436 sq., and corresponding to them two types of animal sacrament, the Egyptian and the Aino types, p. 437; sacraments of pastoral tribes, pp. 438-441; procession with image of sacred snake as a form of communion, p. 441 sq.; "hunting the wren " and processions with the dead bird on Christmas Day or St. Stephen's Day, pp. 442-446; procession with man in cowhide on last day of the year, p. 446 sq.; such customs probably were once modes of communion with a divine animal, p. 447 sq.

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CHAPTER III

KILLING THE GOD

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"Sed adhuc supersunt aliae superstitiones, quarum secreta pandenda sunt, ut et in istis profanis religionibus sciatis mortes esse hominum consecratas. -FIRMICUS MATERNUS, De errore profanarum religionum, c. 6.

1. Killing the Divine King

LACKING the idea of eternal duration primitive man naturally supposes the gods to be mortal like himself. The Greenlanders believed that a wind could kill their most powerful god, and that he would certainly die if he touched a dog. When they heard of the Christian God, they kept asking if he never died, and being informed that he did not, they were much surprised, and said that he must be a very great god indeed.1 In answer to to the inquiries of Colonel Dodge, a North American Indian stated that the world was made by the Great Spirit. Being asked which Great Spirit he meant, the good one or the bad one, “Oh, neither of them," replied he, "the Great Spirit that made the world is dead long ago. He could not possibly have lived as long as this."? A tribe in the Philippine Islands told the Spanish conquerors that the grave of the Creator was upon the top of Mount Cabunian,3 Heitsi-eibib, a god or divine hero of the Hottentots, died several times and came to life again. His graves are generally to be met with in narrow defiles between mountains. When the Hottentots pass one of them, they

1 Meiners, Geschichte der Religionen (Hanover, 1806-1807), i. 48.

2 R. I. Dodge, Our Wild Indians, P. 112.

VOL. II

3 F. Blumentritt, "Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen - Archipels," Mittheilungen d. Wiener geogr. Gesellschaft, 1882, p. 198.

B

throw a stone on it for good luck, sometimes muttering "Give us plenty of cattle." 1 The grave of Zeus, the great god of Greece, was shown to visitors in Crete as late as about the beginning of our era.2 The body of Dionysus was buried at Delphi beside the golden statue of Apollo, and his tomb bore the inscription, "Here lies Dionysus dead, the son of Semele." 3 According to one account, Apollo himself was buried at Delphi; for Pythagoras is said to have carved an inscription on his tomb, setting forth how the god had been killed by the python and buried under the tripod. Cronus was buried in Sicily, and the graves of Hermes, Aphrodite, and Ares were shown in Hermopolis, Cyprus, and Thrace."

The great gods of Egypt themselves were not exempt from the common lot. They too grew old and died. For like men they were composed of body and soul, and like men were subject to all the passions and infirmities of the flesh. Their bodies, it is true, were fashioned of more ethereal mould, and lasted longer than ours, but they could not hold out for ever against the siege of time. Age converted their bones into silver, their flesh into gold, and their azure locks into lapis lazuli. When their time came they passed away from the cheerful world of the living to reign as dead gods over dead men in the melancholy world beyond the grave. Even their souls, like those of mankind, could only endure after death so long as their bodies held together; and hence it was as needful to preserve the corpses of the gods as the corpses of common folk, lest with the divine body the divine spirit should also come to an untimely end. At first their remains were laid to rest under the desert sands of the

1 Sir James E. Alexander, Expedition of Discovery into the interior of Africa, i. 166; Lichtenstein, Reisen im · Südlichen Africa, i. 349 sq.; W. H. I. Bleek, Reynard the Fox in South Africa, p. 75 sq.; Theophilus Hahn, TsuniGoam, the Supreme Being of the KhoiKhoi, pp. 56, 69.

2 Callimachus, Hymn to Zeus, 9 sq.; Diodorus, iii. 61; Lucian, Philopseudes, 3; id., Jupiter Tragoedus, 45; id., Philopatris, 10; Porphyry, Vita Pytha gorae, 17; Cicero, De natura deorum, iii. 21. 53; Pomponius Mela, ii. 7.

112; Minucius Felix, Octavius, 21.

3 Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 35: Philochorus, Fragm. 22, in Müller's Fragm. Hist. Graec. i. p. 378; Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos, 8, ed. Otto; Tzetzes, Schol. on Lycophron, 208. Cp. Ch. Petersen, "Das Grab und die Todtenfeier des Dionysos," Philologus, xv. (1860), pp. 77-91.

4 Porphyry, Vit. Pythag. 16.

5 Philochorus, Fr. 184, in Fragm. Hist. Graec. ii. p. 414.

6 Lobeck, Aglaophamus, p. 574 sq.

mountains, that the dryness of the soil and the purity of the air might protect them from putrefaction and decay. Hence one of the oldest titles of the Egyptian gods is "they who are under the sands." But when at a later time the discovery of the art of embalming gave a new lease of life to the souls of the dead by preserving their bodies for an indefinite time from corruption, the deities were permitted to share the benefit of an invention which held out to gods as well as to men a reasonable hope of immortality. Every province then had the tomb and mummy of its dead god. The mummy of Osiris was to be seen at Mendes; Thinis boasted of the mummy of Anhouri; and Heliopolis rejoiced in the possession of that of Toumou.1 But while their bodies lay swathed and bandaged here on earth in the tomb, their souls, if we may trust the Egyptian priests, shone as bright stars in the firmament. The soul of Isis sparkled in Sirius, the soul of Horus in Orion, and the soul of Typhon in the Great Bear.2 But the death of the god did not involve the extinction of his sacred stock; for he commonly had by his wife a son and heir, who on the demise of his divine parent succeeded to the full rank, power, and honours of the godhead. The high gods

1 G. Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient classique: les origines, pp. 108-111, 116-118.

2 Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 21.

3 A. Wiedemann, Die Religion der alten Aegypler, p. 59 sq.; G. Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient classique: les origines, pp. 104-108, 150. Hence the Egyptian deities were commonly arranged in trinities of a simple and natural type, each comprising a father, a mother, and a son. If the Christian doctrine of the Trinity took shape under Egyptian influence, the function originally assigned to the Holy Spirit may have been that of the divine mother. In the apocryphal Gospel to the Hebrews, as Mr. F. C. Conybeare was kind enough to point out to me, Christ spoke of the Holy Ghost as his mother. The passage is quoted by Origen (Comment. in Joan. II. vol. iv. col. 132, ed. Migne), and runs as follows: "My mother the Holy Spirit took me a moment ago by one of my hairs and carried me away

to the great Mount Tabor." Cp.
Origen, In Jeremiam Hom. XV. 4,
vol. iii. col. 433, ed. Migne. In the
reign of Trajan a certain Alcibiades,
from Apamea in Syria, appeared at
Rome with a volume in which the Holy
Ghost was described as a female about
ninety-six miles high and broad in pro-
portion. See Hippolytus, Refut. om-
nium Haeresium, ix. 13, p. 462, ed.
Duncker and Schneidewin. The Oph-
ites represented the Holy Spirit as "the
first woman,' ""mother of all living,"
who was beloved by "the first man"
and likewise by "the second man,"
and who conceived by one or both of
them "the light, which they call
Christ." See H. Usener, Das Weih-
nachtsfest, p. 116 sq., quoting Irenaeus,
i. 28. Mr. Conybeare tells me that Philo
Judaeus, who lived in the first half of the
first century of our era, constantly defines
God as a Trinity in Unity, or a Unity
in Trinity, and that the speculations of
this Alexandrian Jew deeply influenced
the course of Christian thought on the

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