bly on the wounded artery until its walls should unite. The finger was the only compress that could be relied on, and that was employed for thirteen days by relieves every three hours. Perhaps it was not necessary to continue the application of so laborious a compress for so long a time, but the life of a gallant officer was in jeopardy, and it was preserved by the only practicable mode of destroying the wounded artery. Major B. remained with the army until the succeeding winter; and when the inflammation subsided, the discharge from the wound was very great, and the left side of the jawbone, from the centre of the chin to the angle of its union with the head, came off in splinters with the pus; the destruction of the softer parts was great, and presented a large gaping appearance. Major B. has been advised to have the edges scarified and brought together similar to the hair-lip operationsuccess is doubtful. The duct of the parotid gland has been wounded, and there is a continual leaking from it. The submaxillary has been injured and the small glands on the general surface of the wound continually moisten the parts which will oppose the adhesive process. der the sartorius muscle. The lymphatic vessels were inflamed up to the inguinal glands and the leg somewhat swollen, it was evident that twenty-four hours longer delay must have placed it beyond the amputating period-and the lieutenant was in imminent danger from the delay which had occurred; but it was thought better to take off the thigh in its present situation than risk further delay; after tying the femoral artery and the profunda, the torniquet was loosened, and the surface of the stump appeared to be crowded with leaking arteries, and before the patient could be removed from the table, seventeen arteries were tied. There were several peculiarities attending this case, but the object of making it public is to show the importance of early amputations, when the character of the injury clearly makes it necessary. Had the limb been ampu taied on the field, not more than five or six arteries would have required the ligature, and the experience of the campaign proved that primitive operations were the most successful. The system will not remain tranquil beyond a day; and delay after that period endangers the lives of the wounded, and I do not recollect a fatal case during the campaign of 1814, where amputation was performed within thirty hours after the wound was received; on the contrary, a large proportion of the deferred operations of the campaign were fatal. Capt. James M'Intosh of the 1st Rifle Regt. was wounded by a musket ball in the action at Conjocita creek, it struck him on the left side of his neck, near the 4th coraical vertebre. It wounded the spine and entered the esophagus, and was swallowed without the patient's being conscious of it, and was discharged in a few days afterwards. The concussion of the Second Memoir on the Genus APHIS, conspine produced a great degree of torpor taining the Description of 24 new American Species. By C. S. Rafinesque. for many months, particularly of the left arm, (probably one of the coraical nerves I shall now add 24 new species, which I was wounded,) and the discharge of spi- observed in 1817, to the 12 already deculari of bone in the pus proved the spine scribed in my first memoir on this genus, to have been injured. A portion of the (Amer. Monthly Magazine, vol. i. p. 360.) liquid food which the captain attempted to I mean to proceed every year in the inswallow, passed out the orifice made by vestigation of this interesting genus, which the ball for several weeks. Capt. M'In- may properly be called the cattle of the tosh left the army the succeeding winter, ants. I have ascertained by actual obhis wound being nearly healed, but there servation the truth of Hubert's discovery was a stiffness of his neck. The ball was respecting this singular fact, having deragged from its collision with the spine, tected the ants in their management of and somewhat diminished in weight. these animals: I have seen them carrying their eggs and young on the plants adapted for their food, surveying their growth and progress, feeding on their honey, walking and rambling over them without disturbing them in the least, &c. It appears that several species are raised by each species of ants; but the same species is not raised by different ants, and each herd or colony belongs to a peculiar tribe of ants, which does not suffer other tribes of the same species to come and invade Lieutenant Jonathan Kearsley of the 4th Rifle Regt. was wounded at Fort Erie on the 15th August, 1814. A musket ball struck his left leg about four inches below the knee, and fractured both bones of the leg badly. The lieutenant was anxious to save his leg, and the operation of amputation was delayed four days longer than was prudent. On the fifth day from the time he was wounded it was taken off, just where the femoral artery passes un their property; and if any dares to do it, a war often ensues. These wonderful facts are not the most astonishing among those belonging to the natural history of the ants; a genus of insects which has claimed my most constant attention, and which I hope to illustrate shortly by describing the American species thereof; their policy exceeds that of many human societies! All the species of the genus Aphis have many enemies, such as birds, reptiles, and the larva of several species of the genera Syrphus, Hemerobius, &c. which destroy them sometimes by thousands, else they would often propagate to an incredible extent; yet they are very hurtful to many plants, which they disease, reduce to inanition, and sometimes kill, by depriving them of their sap or juice. When they attack garden plants, they may be destroyed by rubbing a wet feather on those plants, they are easily detached and killed by it; they may also be easily killed by the smoke of tobacco or brimstone. About 60 European species are known. I have detected already 36 species in the United States, where I suspect that many hundreds exist. I shall proceed to enumerate those observed last year in the state of New-York, mostly near Fishkill, and conclude by a synoptical division of the species already observed. 13. Aphis rosa-suaveolens. Body oboval oblong, green, brown or blackish, with two pale stripes on the back; antens nearly as long as the body and brownish, appendages very short, legs black at the base and tip, white in the middle; wings, with a brown spot in the males. The young ones are green, the old ones are blackish. 14. Aphis diplepha. Body oboval, pale green, with two rows of bristles on the sides of the back, eyes black, antens rufous as long as the body, legs rufous, appendages longer than the vent, which is acute. This species is found on many garden roses, the specific name means double ciliated. 15. Aphis rhodryas. Body oboval oblong, pale green, antens two-thirds of the length of the body, brown as well as the legs, appendages short.-On many wild roses, which the specific name indicates. 16. Aphis viburnum-opulus. Body oboval, slate colour, antens black, white at the base, very short, only one-fourth of the body's length, appendages black and very short, vent black, legs black, white at the base. The young ones are of a greenish gray. This species feeds on the leaves instead of the stems; as usual with most of the species, it deforms the leaves and rolls them over its nest. 17. Aphis viburnum-acerifolium. Body oboval, olivaceous brown, head black truncated, antens two-thirds of body's length brown, black at the top, as well as the legs, appendages shorter than the vent, which is acute. The young ones are olivaceous rufous; the males are entirely blackish or black, with a black oblong spot on the wings This species is raised by the formica melanogaster, or the black belly ant with red breast, head and feet, and it is upon it that I have observed many of the facts noticed in the introduction. 18. Aphis crategus-coccinea. Body oboval, pale green, with two dark stripes on the back of a brownish green; antens green half of body's length, appendages very short, vent acute. Feeds on the leaves of the crategus coccinea. 19. Aphis cornus-stricta. Body oboval, black, head squared truncated; antens two-thirds of body's length with a white base, legs white at the top, appendages very short, vent nearly acute. The males have the wings double the body's length. with a large black oblong spot underneath. Covering the branches (rarely the leaves) of the cornus stricta. 20. Aphis populus-grandidentata. Body oboval obtuse, reddish black, head truncated, back annulated, antens one-third of body's length, appendages obtuse, exceedingly short, vent obtuse. Male with many oblong blackish spots on the wings. This species is found on a very high tree, and often on the upper leaves and branches. Length one line. It is remarkable by the many spots on the wings of the male, while most of the species have only one large spot on the lower side of each wing, and a few species have unspotted wings 21. Aphis populus-trepida. Body oboval, pale green, with two dark or brown stripes on the back, which is annulated, head truncated, antens whitish two-thirds of body's length, feet whitish, appendages elongated, as long as the vent, which is acute. I have not seen the male of this species. 22. Aphis jacobea-balsamita. Body oboval oblong, very slightly annulated, entirely of a shining bronze colour; antens as long as the body, not shining, with some brown rings; legs with black knees and articulations; appendages black, stiff, longer than the vent, which is acute appendiculated. A very fine species of a metallic brass colour, the young ones are more oblong, darker, more annulated; the old ones are of a light or pale colour, nearly obtuse behind, and smooth or scarcely annulated. 23. Aphis oreaster. Body oblong, of a brownish or dark bronze colour; head truncated; antens brown, as long as the body, legs brown; appendages longer than the vent, which is appendiculated; males with unspotted wings. Found on several species of aster on the highlands, particulaly the aster simplex; the specific name means mountain-asters. 24. Aphis erigeron-strigosum. Body oboval oblong, reddish; antens as long as the body, blackish as well as the legs; appendages longer than the vent which is mucronute. In the old ones the body be comes flattened, of a reddish brown, and the appendage of the vent becomes longer. 25. Aphis gibbosa. Body oboval, reddish fulvous, head truncated, thorax yellowish and gibbous, abdomen 2cute slight ly annulated; antens longer than the body, brown, base gray; legs gray, knees and feet black; appendages brown, longer than the vent, which is appendiculated; males with unspotted wings. Found near Newburgh, on several species of solidago, particularly the S. odora, S. altissima, &c. 26. Aphis xanthelis. Body oblong cuneate, of a dark brown bronze colour, bead truncated, abdomen slightly annulated; antens as long as the body, blackish as well as the legs; vent acute, appendages elongated erect: males blackish, with a linear yellowish spot on the wings. Noticed on the solidago nemoralis; size very unequal, from half a line to two lines long the specific name means yellow spotted. 27. Aphis annulipes. Body oboval, reddish brown, head truncated; antens twothirds of body's length; legs with pale rings; vent obtuse, appendages very short divergent. Observed in September near Oysterbay, Long-Island, on the Hieracium gronovi and H. paniculatum, length one line. 23. Aphis hieracium-paniculatum. Body oblong, of a shining reddish brown, abdomen a little curved or depressed above, and annulated; antens as long as the body, whitish at the base as well as the legs; vent acute, appendages elongated horizontal: male with vertical appendages, mucronute vent, and wings with a greenish brown spot. Found on the hieracium paniculatum only, in October, near Flatbush, Long-Island, a very singalar species, the hind part of the body is raised; the males are much larger than the females. 29. Aphis verbena-hastata. Body pale green annulated oboval; antens as long VOL, JU-N9. L 3 as the body, head truncated, appendages short. Length of the body one line, vent mutic. 30. Aphis polanisia-graveolens. Body black oblong oboval slightly annulated, antens as long as the body, base and top gray; legs with the base and a ring in the middle gray; appendages longer than the vent, which is acute; males with a brownish spot on the wings, Found near Newburgh, in June, on the leaves and flowers of the polanisia graveolens or cleome dodecandra L. where it is singular that they should be raised, since the vicidity of this plant must be some impediment: length of the body one line. 31. Aphis arabis-mollis. Body oboval oblong glaucous green, a row of black dots on each side; antens brown nearly as long as the body, appendages short, vent acute. A small species, less than one line in length. 32. Aphis polygala-senega. Body oboval brown; antens longer than the body, with pale rings, as well as the legs; ap. pendages short, vent nearly obtuse. Noticed in June; length about one line. 33. Aphis brassica-napus. Body elliptic, pale greenish, covered with a white dust, a blackish spot on each side; head narrow truncated; antens half body's length, blackish as well as the legs; vent acute, appendages short, dentiform. Found in gardens, sometimes aiso on the brassica. 34. Aphis erigeron-canadense. Body oboval green; antens brown, shorter than the body; appendages brown, ngated one third of total length, oviduct elonga ted. The body is about one line long, the oviduct appears as a third appendage, Found on Long-Island. 35. Aphis ambrosia. Body oboval, yellow, acute behind; head truncated; antens half the length of the body, a little brownish, feet tipped with brownish; appendages brows elongated upright: very small, body only half a line long, Found on Long-Isiand on several species of the genus ambrosia: they are raised and bred by a new species of ants, which I have called formica fasciata. 36. Aphis acaroides. Body oboval redish, obtuse behind, antens very short, feet brown, appendages obtuse wart shaped. The smallest species observed, scarcely one-fourth of a line long, having much the appearance of an acarus; found also on Long-Island on the dileptium virginicum, (lepidium virginicum L.) raised likewise by the formica fasciata, which is itself rather a small ant. Whenever a genus becomes extensive in species, it is necessary to divide it i sub-genera and sections, in order to reach with a greater degree of facility the knowledge of the species which it contains. I shall therefore propose the following temporary divisions among the American species already detected. I. Division. Antens bent. 1. Sub-genus. Cladoxus. Body flattened, no appendages, antens club-shaped. Sp. 12. 2. Sub-genus. Loxerates. Body thick, with appendages, antens not clubshaped. 1. Section. Body annulated. Sp. 1. 2. Section. Body not annulated. Sp. 2. II. Division. Antens not bent. 3. Sub-genus. Dactynotus. Body or back annulated. 1. Section. Antens shorter than the body. Sp. 20, 21. 2. Section. Antens as long as the body. Sp. 22, 26, 28, 29, 30. 3. Section. Antens longer than the body. Sp. 25. 4. Sub-genus. Adactynus. Body not annulated. 1. Section. No appendages. Sp. 3. 2. Section. Usual appendages, antens shorter than the body. Sp. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 27, 33, 34, 35, 36. 3. Section. Usual appendages, antens as long as the body. Sp. 10, 13, 14, 23, 24, 31. 4. Section. Usual appendages, antens longer than the body. Sp. 2, 11, 23. Memoir on the Crystallization of Snow; read before the Lyceum of Natural History, New-York, April 8th, 1817. By P. S. Townsend, M. D. The doctrines of crystallization have long received the attention of chemical philosophers. Of late years, the elucidations of the Abbè Haüy, on this subject, have far outstripped the labours of others; and his discoveries, going to establish the identity of chemical laws and mathematical demonstration, have given a peculiar grandeur to this part of analytical philosohpy, and left little else to be done by those who follow him. Crystallography, however, 'where it applies to the evanescent forms of watery concretions, has not been much attended to. The observance of these forms, and the delineation of the varieties they assumed, was all that seemed necessary for the component parts of water were well known, and whatever shape it might assume on crystallization, did not seem to have, as in salt and other substances, any particular relation to its chemical constitution. The practical utility of such investigation, therefore, was, in regard to water, no longer thought of, while its modes of congelation were from time to time expatiated upon, rather with the air of speculative relaxation than severe discrimination. Much, however, has even in this way been accumulated; and though much may remain to be known, I believe, in what I have to offer there will be found little if any originality. Water, undergoing congelation in the heavens, and falling upon the earth, exhibits itself in the form either of snow or hail; that congealing upon the surface of of the earth is termed ice. "Hail is of the same nature as ice: snow is of the same nature as white frost. That snow may be formed, it is necessary that the aqueous particles diffused through the air should congeal before they have united into gross drops."* The causes producing solidification in bodies, may sometimes so operate, that the masses concreting shall assume certain regular and systematic figures. These, in chemistry, are termed crystals. In water, crystallization is ascribable only to abstraction of caloric; but in other substances it is effected also by evaporation. The crystals of snow, particularly, are distinguished from all others in another respect; viz. they consist of little, thin, smooth, and narrow bars of transparent ice, so disposed that they form planular or flattened hexagonal stella, or stars, rather than solid masses of a cuboidal or pyramidal configuration. These stellæ, or stars, though of sufficient magnitude for occular inspection, are, however, of rare occurrence, "the flocculi being ordinarily of irregular and unequal figure." Hence they have been remarked upon by very few. When they do occur, therefore, they should be noted. I had the satisfaction of witnessing these beautiful and singular configurations on Saturday afternoon, the 1st of March, 1817; and again a few days after that. The weather on the day that I first discovered them, was cloudy, with the wind at S. W. but so moderate as not to be perceptible. The temperature of the air was about 30° or 31°. These forms were assumed when the snow fell very gently, and in such * M. De Ratte. Vide Art. Neige, Encyclopedie des Sciences et des Arts. Paris. 1774. fol. ↑ Vide Art. Neige, Encyclop. des Arts et des Sciences. small quantities that it was hardly noticed. The radii of the stars were all of equal length, diverged in the same plane, and at exact angles of 60o, the length of each radius about the 1-7th of an inch. When the snow fell in quantities, these forms were no longer visible, and it appeared, as usual, in flocculi of minute needles irregularly associated. The state of the atmosphere on both the days when I observed these crystals was not materially different. By referring to the article Neige, in the French Encyclopedia,* I found this subject there treated at large by Mons. De Ratte, the author of that article. The varieties spoken of by M. De Ratte, are found most beautifully and minutely delineated in the same work, as copied from the Miscellanea Berolinensia, vol. vi. and amount to seventeen. The basis of the crystal in these stellæ remains the same in each, viz. a planular, hexangular star; and the varieties they exhibit seem rather to have the appearance of extrinsic decoration than any radical mutation. The modifications refer either to the radii or the centre. The following are those which came under my notice on the days above mentioned. They all seem to differ more or less from those delineated in the French Encyclopedia, except the first and second; but could Í have inspected them by the microscope, it is probable I should have found a more general analogy. * * 1 P. S. T. del. Crystals enlarged 1st. The crystal here is a simple hexangular star-the radii plain little needles of equal length and breadth, and the centre formed simply by their convergence the angle of convergence in this as well as in all the succeeding, and in those given by M. De Ratte, being uniformly at 60 degrees. 2d. The radii and centre are both so expanded as to resemble the petals and disk of a compound flower. Seen also in Feb. 1818, by the Rev. Mr. Schaeffer, of New-York. 3d. The same as the first, i. e. a simple star, differing from it only in having the extremities of the radii bifurcated, these bifurcations being at angles of 60° to the parent radius, and about 1-4th the length of that radius. 4th. The ends of the radii are, in this Vide Encyc. des Arts et des Sciences.Folio, printed at Paris, 1774. (des planches Physiques.) + Perpetual Secretary of the Royal Society of Sciences of Montpelier. variety, forked into three prongs, which are of the same length, and diverge as in the last, at angles of 60°. Proceeding from the centre of the star, and between every two radii, are petals of half the length of the radii. 5th. The radii three-pronged as before, and after the same manner-pinnated about midway, towards the centre of the star, the pinnæ or collateral branches being of equal length, and in the proportion to the main radius of about one to eight. Seen also by Mr. Schaeffer. 6th. A simple star, except a circular flat knob on the extremity of each radius→→→→ the diameter of this knob about the 1-16th of an inch. 7th. Like the last, except that the radii converge also on a central knob, whose diameter appeared double that of the circumferal knobs. 8th. The centre an equilateral hexagonal plane; with a succession of similar hexagonal figures drawn upon it, one within the other. The radii proceed from each |