Henry Sherburne, agent to the Chickasaw nation.

Thomas Forsyth, agent to the Missouri territory.

John Johnson, agent to fort Wayne and Pique.

William Prince, agent to Vincennes. Richard Graham, agent to Illinois territory.

Reuben Lewis, agent to Arkansas. Nicholas Boilvin, agent to Prairie du Chien.

John Jamieson, agent to Nachitoches. Charles Jourett, agent to Chicago. John Bowyer, agent to Green Bay. Alex. Wolcott, Jun. agent to the lakes. Jacob Tipton, agent to Michilimacki

nac.

Superintendent and Factors to the United States' trading houses, appointed as aforesaid.

Thomas L. M'Kenney, superintendent of Indian trade, Georgetown, D. C. George C. Sibley, factor, Osage trading house, Missouri.

John W. Johnson, factor, Prairie du Chien, N. W. territory.

Isaac Rawlings, Jun. factor, Chickasaw Bluffs, Tennessee.

Matthew Irvin, factor, Green Bay.

Jacob B. Varnum, factor, Chicago. John Fowler, Sulphur Fork county, of Natchitoches.

Geo. W. Gaines, factor, Choctaw trading house, Mississippi.

Daniel Hughes, factor, fort Mitchill, Georgia.

Appointments by the president, with the concurrence of the senate.

Albion K. Parris, judge of the United States for the District of Maine.

Henry Y. Webb, of North Carolina, judge of the Alabama territory.

Victor Adolphus Sasserno, consul of the United States at Nice, in the kingdom of Sardinia.

John P. Marberry, of Ohio, receiver of public moneys at Marietta.

John C. Wright, attorney of the United States for the district of Ohio.

Augustus Chouteau, commissioner to treat with the lilinois, Kickapoos, Pottawatamies, and other tribes of Indians within the Illinois territory.

Robert Walsh, attorney of the United States for the Missouri territory.

George Washington Campbell, of Tennessee, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States to Russia.

William Clark and Augustus Chouteau, commissioners for holding a treaty with the Quapaw tribe of Indians.

Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Park, commissioners for holding a treaty with the Indians in the state of Indiana.

Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson, commissioners for holding a treaty with the Chickasaw nation of Indians.

John McKee, William Carroll, and Daniel Burnet, commissioners to treat with the Choctaws.

John Brown, of Tennessee, agent for taking the census of the Cherokee Indians on the east side of the Mississippi river.

Wm. Young, of Tennessee, agent for taking the census of the Cherokee Indians on the west side of the Mississippi river. Henry Hitchcock, secretary for the territory of Alabama.

Samuel Hodges, Jun. of Massachusetts, consul of the United States for the Cape de Verd Islands.

James Schee, of Delaware, consul of the United States for Genoa.

Alexander M'Rae, of Virginia, consul of the United States for Amsterdam.

C. A. Murray, consul of the United States for Gottenburg.

Decius Wadsworth, formerly of Conneeticut, register of the land office for the district of Howard county, in the Missouri territory.

MASSACHUSETTS.

THE sea serpent has returned to his old haunts on the coast of this state; and, if we may credit well-attested accounts, has very much increased in bulk since his last visit.

Frederick Tudor, Esq. has obtained from the French government the exclusive privilege of supplying the islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique with ice, for ten years, commencing on the first of Jan. 1819. The use of this article has been introduced at hospitals, and it is expected, will have the happy effect of counteracting the fatal diseases of tropical climates.

CONNECTICUT.

Oliver Wollcott has been re-elected governor of this state for the ensuing year.

NEW-YORK.

The ship Sea-Fox, under the command of capt. Fanning, has performed a voyage from the port of New-York, to the South Sea and back, in the short period of seven months and twenty-three days, having filled herself from stem to stern with oil and skins. Capt. F. states that an extraordinary change of weather has taken place in the vicinity of Cape Horn, and on the coast of Patagonia during the last summer: the winds, which usually prevailed from the westward, have, in that time, almost uniformly blown from the eastward, with frequent gales.

The snow on the Catskill mountains is stated to have been 18 inches deep on the 17th of April.

PENNSYLVANIA.

In this state are published more than 84 newspapers, of which 15 are printed in the German language.

The following interesting letter was published in a Philadelphia paper.

TO MR. POULSON.

Having some fine grape vines in my gar den which afforded a luxuriant crop of grapes last fall, I was led to ascertain, with a few of the remaining branches, how long I could leave them on the vine, notwithstanding the frosts of the season.-For this purpose, I selected about half a dozen bunches, and pulled them at various dates, from the earliest part of October to the latter part of November-They continued unaffected by the frosts which, during that time, took place the only effect produced was a very slight shrivelling, and which might have been anticipated from the advanced season of the year. In taste, I think them equal, if not superior, to those antecedently gathered. But an extension of the experiment occurred to me, perhaps of more utility than the above, and which may give rise to the preservation of this delightful fruit among ourselves, for winter use, as we preserve apples and other articles of horticultural and agricultural industry. On the 12th of October, I carefully cut off a very fine

bunch, and placed it in an earthen-jar, covering it with dry white sand, and put it away to be opened on Christmas day. On the 29th of the same month, another of the few remaining bunches was cut off and put away in a similar manner, and was intended to be opened on the 1st of February. On Christmas day, about twelve weeks from the time I gathered the first bunch, it was taken from the jar, as firm and as fresh as when first deposited. The other was forgotten until the 22d of February, when it was found quite as sound and perfect as when pulledfrom its having been on the vine so mucht longer than the first, it was, when pulled, rather shrivelled; but this had not increased from its long confinement of nearly three months. As to its taste and excellence it is equal to any before eaten, and infinitely superior to those which, at so much expense and trouble, are brought to us from Spain and Portugal.

JOHN R. COXE. Philadelphia, March 5, 1818.

DELAWARE.

"Agricultural Society of New Castle County." Under this title, pursuant to the provisions of a law of the 31st Dec. 1817, there has been a society organized, and a committee of five appointed to draft ordinances, by-laws, and regulations for perpetuating, well ordering and governing the affairs of the society. A resolution was passed on the 4th, adjourning the meeting to the last Saturday of May, inst.-then to meet at the court-house of New-Castle county, to receive the report of the committee, &c.

A letter from the upper part of this state says, the late frosts have entirely destroyed the favourable prospects of a wheat crop.

MARYLAND.

It was estimated that, on the 29th April, in one day, 2,000,000 of herrings, besides great numbers of shad, were taken near Havre de Grace.

VIRGINIA.

A melancholy instance of hydrophobia occurred in Richmond a few weeks ago. A boy of fourteen, who was bit in the band, was attacked with all the symptoms of the disease about six weeks after the wound was entirely healed. He died in the greatest agony upon the fourth day. The India stone, generally applied in such cases, was placed upon the wound a few hours after the accident happened, and other medical remedies were also given. He appeared to experience no uneasy sensations from the time he was bit until the symptoms of the hydrophobia appeared; but attended school as usual.

This furnishes another proof to many others. of the inefficacy of the India stone, which has frequently sold for several thousand dollars.

NORTH CAROLINA.

The president and directors of the Neuse river navigation company, have entered into a contract with Mr. John D. Delacey, to open and render the river at all times navigable, from judge Stone's mill to Newbern, for boats of seven tons burthen, within six months, and for boats of four teen tons burthen, within three years. Another contract, it is expected, will be made to bring navigation much nearer to the city.

Died.] In Richmond county, on the 13th day of April, at the seat of colonel T. Pate, Thomas Hathcock, aged 125 years.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Letters from Columbia, in this state, under date of 28th April, say, the weather, during the last week, has been extremely cold for the season; in some parts the coldest since Christmas. The damage done by the frost is incalculable. In the low country, where the cotton had attained a considerable growth, the crops have been entirely cut off; and in the up-country, the small grain has felt its effects, equally severe. Our vegetable and flower gardens have also suffered severely; and all nature bear marks of its destructive ravages. What adds much to the evil, is the great scarcity of cotton-seed for re-planting, not a tenth of which it is feared can be procured.

GEORGIA.

The season has been very cold, and the frost has done great injury to the crops, in this as well as the other southern states.

The capital employed in the steam-boat company of Georgia, is 800,000 dollars, divided into 1600 shares of 500 dollars each.

By a statement, extracted from the cus tom-house books, and published in the Savannah Museum, it appears that no less than 61,797 bales of cotton, 13,680 tierces of rice, and 1,500 hhds. of tobacco, were exported from Savannah, from the 1st of October to the 31st of March last. The value of these exports is estimated at $6,264,697.

An association for improving the navigation of Savannah river another for building a steam-ship, to ply as a packet between Savannah and Liverpool, and a third for a building and insurance bank, have all been fully subscribed for at Savannah.

ALABAMA TERRITORY.

The inhabitants of Huntsville, (which, by the late division of territory between Mississippi and Alabama, is located in the latter) have subscribed $7,200 to clear out Indian creek and make it navigable to the Tennessee river.

MISSOURI TERRITORY.

The rapidity with which this remote country is populating is astonishing. Distance cannot awe the spirit of American enterprise. Arkansas county contains 10,000 males, and Boone's settlement 8000. The whole population of the territory is now estimated at 60,000. Old col. Boone, (says Mr. Niles,) the first settler of the powerful state of Kentucky, yet living, we believe, who lately seated himself so far up the Missouri as to possess a well grounded hope that a teeming population would not again compel him to seek a new abode, to enjoy unmolested his favourite manner of life, may yet be driven to the rocky mountains, and even there be disturbed in 8 or 10 years, if he lives so long.

From the Philosophical Magazine. ON A CASE OF FORMATION OF ICE ON AN ALKALINE SOLUTION. BY MR. GAVIN INGLIS. To Mr. Tilloch.

DEAR SIR,

A CURIOUS case came under my observation this morning, of a formation of ice on a solution of ashes. It had so much attracted the attention of the servants before I got sight of it, that a number of them were ranged round the boiler in a state of admiration, looking at what they called the pattern, alluding to beautiful six-pointed stars of the most regular formation which covered the surface of the liquor, each point bearing a most striking resemblance to the termination of a full-spread fern leaf. The most beautiful and perfect were in the centre, towards the sides the same form of a leaf continued, but they were laid rather like a parcel of stars, previously formed, thrown confusedly over one another. The complete stars measured from the centre to the point of the figure 24 inches. The first

glance of this ice struck me as bearing a strong and marked resemblance to the snow observed by Dr. Clarke during his stay in St. Petersburg. I immediately sent for that volume of his Travels, and on the spot compared the figure given in vol. i. p. 12, and found it was impossible to give a more exact representation, than by extending the dimensions of Dr. Clarke's fig. 1. The beau tiful radiations of this ice must have proceeded from the component parts of the solution which was made from ashes recovered from waste lees highly carbonated, containing some ammonia and a portion of nitre. The latter is formed in considerable quantity in the lees during the operation of bleaching, particularly when cottons are under operation. The specific gravity of this solution was 1·115. Two other boilers containing a solution of carbonate of potash, the specific gravity 1·057 and 1-073, were covered with a coat of ice, soft and porous, better than an inch in thickness, rather. resembling wet snow slightly compressed,

having no regular figure, and little more adhesion than to admit its being taken off in flat pieces: no appearance of lamination whatever, whereas the laminated ice was thin, solid, and shining.

Dr. Clarke, in his Travels, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 11, marked on the margin "Extraordinary Phenomenon," says, "the season began to change before we left Petersburg, the cold became daily less intense, and the inhabitants were busied in moving from the Neva large blocks of ice into their cellars. A most interesting and remarkable phenomenon took place the day before our departure; the thermometer of Fahrenheit indicating only nine degrees of temperature below the freezing point, and there was no wind. At this time snow, in the most regular and beautiful crystals, fell gently upon our clothes, and upon the sledge as we were driving through the street. All of these crystals possessed exactly the same figure and the same dimensions. Every one of them consisted of a wheel, or star, with six equal rays, bounded by circumferences of equal diameters; having all the same numbers of rays branching from a common centre.

The size of each of those little stars was equal to the circle presented by the section of a pea into two equal parts. This appearance continued during three hours, in which time no other snow fell; and as there was sufficient leisure to examine them with the strictest attention, we made the representation given in fig. 1.

"Water in its crystallization seems to consist of radii diverging from a common centre, by observing the usual appearances on the surface of ice-perhaps therefore it may be possible to obtain the theory and to ascertain the laws from which this structure results.

"Monge, president of the National Institute of Paris, noticed in falling snow, stars with six equal rays descending, during winter, when the atmosphere was calm. Hauy records this in his observations on the muFiale of ammonia.”

As all regular crystallization must be governed by, and depend on, some unalterable laws in nature, I have no doubt but the Russian snow observed by Dr. Clarke, and the Parisian stars noticed by M. Monge, and the above radiations on this alkaline solution, were identically from the same causethe presence of ammonia and nitre in both. The quantity of ammonia produced in large cities must be immense : independent of every other source, what must be formed in the ordinary culinary operations of the kitchen? this must be driven into the atmosphere. From the same source nitrogen per se may be supplied in no mean quantity, or liberated by the decomposition of a portion of the ammonia. May not condensation be of use in atmospherical combinations, and nitrates as well as ammoniacal salts formed, and the aqueous vapours impregnated with these saline productions, VOL. 11.-No. n.

20

prior to freezing or forming into snow, and the beautiful regularity of this phenomenon proceed from the habitudes of ammoniacal crystallization as recorded by Hauy? May not this also account for the extraordinary quantity of nitre found in some soils where deep vegetable mould predominates? The nitrogen descending with rain or snow, may combine with the potash of decayed vegetables already existing in the soil, and become the parent of this native salt. Or can it be possible that the mere abstraction of caloric has any share in the formation of potash, and hence nitre? It is well known that frost alone produces in potatoes a saccharine matter that renders them sensibly sweet to the taste. It is also known to you, that potatoes once gone into putrefaction by the effects of frosts, contain nitre in such quantity as to answer the purpose of making match paper: before the potato undergoes these changes by the effects of frost and putrefaction, no saccharine matter is perceptible, nor nitre to be found: from whence come they?

I remain, dear sir, yours,

Feb. 6, 1818.

GAVIN INGLIS.

DRY ROT.

The Eden British sloop of war (new), which was lately sunk in Hamoaze, to endeavour to cure her of the dry rot, has been raised, commissioned, and taken into dock. On opening her, she has been found defective in every part, and must undergo a thorough repair. The Topaz frigate, also ordered for commission, which was repaired not long since, is found to be in the same state. The Dartmouth frigate, built at Dartmouth, three years old, never at sea, is also undergoing a complete repair. Not a ship is taken into dock but is found to be nearly rotten. The very best ships do not average more than twelve years existence. The San Domingo, 74, was ripped up (four years old) at Portsmouth. The Queen Charlotte, 110, was built at Woolwich, sent round to Plymouth, found rotten, and underwent a thorough repair; she was also several months under the care of Dr. Lukin, an admiralty chemist, who received 50001. for his ineffectual labours to stop the progress of vegetation in the ship. After a short cruise, the Queen Charlotte was laid up at Portsmouth, where she remains in a very defective state.

NEW OPINION IN REGARD TO POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM.

It is, at present, the general belief that the two celebrated cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were overwhelmed and destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in the year 79. It is now, however, maintained, that this was not the case. Pompeii is said to be covered by a bed of lapillo, of the same nature as that we observe daily forming by the agency of water on the shore at Naples: while Herculaneum is covered by a series of

strata, altogether forming a mass sixty feet thick, of a tuff having the characters of those tuffs formed by water. From the facts just stated, it is conjectured that the cities were destroyed by a rising of the waters, which deposited over them the stratified rocks, and not by matter thrown from Vesuvius. It is also said, that no eruption of Vesuvius took place in the year 79.

MANUSCRIPTS OF HERCULANEUM.

A letter from Naples says--" Among the manuscripts discovered at Herculaneum, there is a copy of Justin, and one of Aulus Gellius, in such a state of preservation that the persons appointed to decypher these manuscripts are able to read them almost without any difficulty. This discovery is the more valuable, on account of the alter

ations that are known to have been made in the texts of these two authors; and because the eighth book of the Noctes Attica of Aulus Gellius, which was lost, is now recovered.

NEW COMET.

A new comet has been discovered in the constellation of the Swan. It was first observed on the 26th of December last, by M. Blanpain, at Marseilles, who has communicated to the Bureau of Longitude at Paris his observations upon it down to the 18th of January. The astronomers of Paris have been since constantly on the watch; but, in consequence of a very cloudy state of the heavens, they have not yet been able to discern it. The movement of the comet, as described by M. Blanpain, is very slow, its right ascension increasing only seven minutes in twenty-four hours, and its declination, in the same time, not diminishing more than from thirty-three to thirty-five minutes. The observations of M. Blanpain embrace but a very small arc. M. Nicollet has, however, deduced from them a parabolic orbit, which, though only a mere approximation to correctness, may enable observers for some time to trace pretty exactly the course of the comet. According to his calculations it would pass its point nearest to the sun on the 3d of March last, at fifteen minutes past eleven. Its periheliel distance will be equal to 1·12567, that of the earth to the sun being taken for unity.

The inclination of its orbit to the ecliptic Longitude of the ascending node

Longitude of perihelium, calculated by the orbit

= S8° 38'

68 5

=187 32 Its heliocentric movement is direct. As yet, there is nothing very interesting in its physical appearances. In the first days of January it resembled a small nebulous body, not of any determined form, and of a very feeble light. On the 18th it appeared sensibly augmented, both in size and brilliancy.

POLAR ICE.

Professor Parrot, in Dorpat, has written on the freezing of the salt water, in respect to the origin of the polar ice. Though navigators say that the polar ice contains no salt, yet the author thinks and proves that mere tasting cannot decide the problem. If the ice in the polar regions contains no salt, it cannot be frozen sea water, but ice of glaciers, which cover the pole of our earth, and to which our European glaciers are mere mole hills. The unsalt water flowing from the glaciers is lighter than the sea water, and consequently keeps on the surface, makes the latter less salt, and thus more liable to freeze. Therefore, the ice which covers the polar regions must increase, and continue to increase, every year, in height and extent; for this reason the climate of Iceland and Greenland becomes continually more severe, and those countries lose more and more of the inhabitable surface, &c.

COUNT VON KUNHEIM.

The following article is from a German Journal:

Lieutenant-general count Von Kunheim, an officer in the Prussian service, the last branch of the family of Dr. Martin Luther, died recently at Koningsberg, at the advanced age of 88. The general was descended in a direct line from the daughter of Luther, who, in 1555, married George Von Kunheim, lord of Mulhausen, Sasseineu, &c. by whom he had nine children. It is well known that the line of the male descendants of Martin Luther became extinct with Martin Gottlob Luther, an advocate of the regency of Dresden; but there still remain in Prussia several descendants of Margaret Luther, the only daughter of the reformer, from whom general count Von Kunheim descended in a direct line. Margaret Luther was born in 1534, and was twelve years of age at the death of her father. She herself died in 1570.

PHYSICAL PHENOMENA.

The storm of the 23d of February, from the effects of which our shores were exempted, spread its ravages over the greatest part of Europe. At Turin, it was attended with two shocks of an earthquake. Genoa, Savona, Alanco, and San Remo, were thrown into the greatest consternation for two days by repeated concussions, and several houses were partly demolished at Alazes, but happily no lives lost. At Antibes, in Provence, the whole day (the 23d of February) had been very tempestuous.--About four minutes past seven in the evening a most tremendous rush of wind took place, and was followed by an instantaneous calm. A dull subterranean noise was heard, the sea suddenly dashed against the rocks, and in the space of three seconds three oscillations of the earth were felt in a direction from the S. E. to the N. W. The wind then rose again, and all the violence of the storm