strength of heart. Fortitude is strength of heart. Strength of heart is strength in the very fountains of life. Courage thus becomes a vital, animating principle that gives character to every power.

If we take the term virtue in its original sense, we have a word that is almost identical with fortitude. The fundamental part of virtue is vir. It is the old Roman word for man. It means a man such as many an old Roman was. It means a man such as Horatius at the bridge; such as Manlius at the citadel; such as that nameless young Roman at the gate of Pompeii, who, centuries after the city had been buried in darkness and death, was found still standing at his post. And fortitude, as already indicated, is still growing in the history of the years. France and Belgium, like Rome and Sparta of old, have given the word eternal meaning.

If it be true, as Aristotle said, that none but a brave people are capable of freedom,5 then certainly some peoples of our own day have satisfied the condition for all time. Fortitude is not merely a glory of the past, it is also a resource of the present; it gives hope for the future.

Heroism on the battlefield is one thing. Heroism after the battlefield is quite another. And when a man can display the second kind as well as the first, especially when the battlefield has left him only part of his physical equipment, he deserves the highest admiration and honor. Such a man as Eugene McInnes, the blind law

5. Ueberweg, Vol. I, page 177.

student whose picture we printed yesterday, is something more, however, than an object of admiration. He is an example and a splendid inspiration not only to other war veterans, but to fainting spirits who, unwounded and unscarred, are ready to give up life's fight at the first discouragement. Failure is a thing of the heart oftener than of the head. The soul which refuses to surrender to disaster is nearly always victor in the end. Eugene McInnes is not the only instance in which the mental and spiritual nature has triumphed over the physical handicaps imposed by war. There are hundreds of them scattered throughout the country, and they form a special legion of honor who add glory to human nature.6

6. The Baltimore Sun, editorial, April 11, 1923.

CHAPTER XI

OTHER VIRTUES AND THE GRACES

"High erected thoughts seated in a heart of courtesy."-Sir Philip Sidney.

In the distinguished company of the cardinal virtues we may reasonably expect to find other virtues that are scarcely less honorable and beneficial. Among them are honesty, industry, kindness, generosity, and patience. These all are desirable qualities in human character-they are really necessary to the highest types of manhood and citizenship. For, let us ever remember, only the best men and women can be the best citizens.

Honesty is close akin to love of truth, love of justice, a sense of duty, and fidelity, all of which are pointed out in Chapter I as foundation stones in the temple of good citizenship. Honesty is thought of especially in connection with wealth and tradethe handling of money in banks, the weighing of wheat in the mills, the measuring of cloth for the housewife, or the carrying of mails for the public. “An honest man is the noblest work of God" is an old saying, but it still has so much truth in it that it is worth keeping alive. The money value of honesty in everyday business is so great that it cannot be computed in dollars or in pounds. Rich and poor alike esteem it highly. Bankers, for example, in lending money are very careful to require good security; yet they always take into consideration the

borrower's reputation for honesty. Indeed, if they have no confidence at all in his honesty, they will hesitate to do business with him at all, even if he has large financial resources at his command. Honesty is very old-fashioned, but, however stocks and bonds may fluctuate, it never falls below par.

Industry, as a virtue, is the opposite of indolence, or laziness. Some persons are perhaps born sleepy; some, unfortunately, are born tired; and it seems a fair conclusion, if one passes many sunny corners in a long day, that a large number of persons are born lazy. Bad enough their case is, certainly; but it would not be quite so bad if they would only get out of the way of other people.

One can easily enough prescribe a cure for laziness-that is, a recipe for industry; but it is hard to induce the chronic sufferer to take the cure; for it, like most cures that work through the mind and heart, must be self-applied. If the lazy man in any given case really is born lazy, his condition is doubly difficult; for that means that he probably is handicapped in body as well as in mind; but even for him the situation may not be quite hopeless. If he can develop some vital interest in life, his latent energy will almost certainly be aroused in pursuit of that interest. Laziness is often merely the lack of a definite objective. Many a boy is lazy while he is growing up, but when he enters upon manhood he enters upon plans and ambitions, and lo! his laziness is swallowed up in a dauntless industry. His glowing enthusiasm in a splendid purpose becomes a peren

nial dynamic. Until one dies thoroughly to love, to hope, and to ambition industry, as a virtue, is always a possibility.

Kindness and generosity are very near akin. Kindness really means kin-ness-kin-ness with other virtues as well as kin-ness with humanity. Both kindness and generosity are nearly related to sympathy, which is another essential to good citizenship. Sympathy should follow kindness, so far at least as kindness is kinship; and sympathy issues naturally in generosity and justice. It may be, perhaps, a fundamental condition to a sense of duty.

Generosity appears to be more active and positive than kindness, although the latter too, in its better nature, is also active and positive. But in common thought one may be termed kind who only suffers mentally with another who is in pain or misfortune-pities him, without making any effort to aid him; whereas one is hardly counted generous unless he extends his kindness into conduct. This may be done in the expression of a considerate judgment or by a magnanimous act, in any positive effort to be just or helpful.

Real kindness and generosity may justly resent the charge of being soft or weak, but both are much in need of intelligence and good judgment. Neither dares relapse into indiscriminating sentimentality. For example, it may often be a kinder charity to give a sturdy beggar a job and make him work for his dinner than to fatten him in idleness. It may be a truer kindness to punish a wrongdoer than to ex