is used instead of the emphatic, and the speaker conveys his meaning by additional emphasis. Thus, the forms I shall praise, I am praised, belong to the simple conjugation; but a speaker can so use them as to make his tone express emphasis without the necessity of employing another form.

3. Progressive Conjugation, used to denote continuance or progression of action: I am praising; I was praising.

In English we have no good forms for expressing the passive voice of verbs in this conjugation. We are therefore compelled to use such expressions as, The house is being built; the meat is being cooked. The old forms were much preferable: The house is a building; the meat is a cooking; the book is reprinting; the horse is training; my room is papering. In the latter forms, however, all constructive trace of the passive voice has disappeared.

4. Paulo-post Conjugation, used to denote an action that is, was, or will be about to be done. It has two forms :

I am about to praise.

I was about to praise.

I am going to praise.
I was going to praise.

Many of the forms in the last two conjugations are so awkward that they are seldom used, and, from their "roundabout" way of expressing relationships have been called periphrastic.

2. Voice.-Voice is the relation which connects the notion of a transitive verb most prominently either with the doing or with the suffering of an action.

There are two voices-Active and Passive.

The Active Voice is that form of a transitive verb which makes the doing of an action most prominent in a sentence: The teacher praises his class.

The Passive Voice is that form of a transitive verb which makes the suffering of an action most prominent in a sentence: The class is praised by the teacher.

There sometimes occur, in English, instances in which transitive verbs are used peculiarly, and denote neither the doing nor the suffering of an action. Because such verbs seem to form a class midway between the active and passive voice, some grammarians have proposed to recognize a Middle Voice :

The sentence reads badly.

The doors open at seven o'clock.

"A rose will smell as sweet by any other name."
The water feels cold this morning.

The proper explanation of such uses is that a transitive verb may in certain cases lose its transitive character, and become an intransitive verb. This change takes place in the verbs of the sentences quoted above. The verbs are not transitive in function, and hence we should regard them as intransitive.

In doing the work which we assign to them in various sentences, transitive verbs may adapt themselves to our needs, and permit us occasionally to use them intransitively; while, on the other hand, intransitive verbs may be used transitively; just as in the emergencies of a campaign a few horse-soldiers may be found capable of serving on foot, and a few foot-soldiers capable of serving on horse. No general, however, would place these in a middle class by themselves, but would regard them either as cavalry or infantry according as they served on horse or foot on the particular occasion in question.

3. Mood. The mood or mode of a verb (from the Latin, modus, manner) is its manner of expressing an action.

In English there are four moods -INFINITIVE, InDICATIVE, IMPERATIVE, and SUBJUNCTIVE.

1. The Infinitive Mood is the simple notion of the verb, unlimited by any conditions of number and person: (to) teach, (to) have taught.

2. The Indicative Mood is that form of the verb which is used in asserting, denying, or asking a question: I teach. He has taught. They will teach.

3. The Imperative Mood is that form of the verb which is used in commanding or entreating.

In English all verbs in the imperative are used in the present tense and the second person. There are, however, occasional instances of an imperative in the present perfect tense (have done with it), and of an imperative in the first person :—

"Break we our watch up."

"Tread we a measure, said young Lochinvar."
"Praise we the Lord."

In modern English these would be ordinarily regarded as verbs in the indicative mood.

4. The Subjunctive Mood is that form of the verb which is used to imply supposition or uncertainty, or for stating actions which are dependent on or subjoined to (Latin, subjunctus) other actions.

If it were fine we would go.

It is much to be regretted that in modern English the use of the subjunctive is dying out so rapidly. A select class of writers and speakers, however, adhere to

it, and use it with advantage. The proper rule is, that it not only should be used as a matter of taste in all cases where doubt or supposition is implied, but that in subordinate sentences it should follow certain conjunctional words as regularly as it follows certain words of a like character in Greek, Latin, German, or French. Some of the words which the subjunctive appears to have followed are-except, how, if, lest, so, that, though, till, unless. A few quotations from our best English authors will illustrate this:

except. "I will not let thee go, except thou bless me."

Gen. xxxiii. 26. "Ye shall not go hence except your youngest brother come hither.-Gen. xlii. 15.

"How sad it were for Arthur, should he live!"

how.

lest.

80.

that.

Tennyson.

"If 'twere done when 'tis done, then 'twere well

It were done quickly."-Shakspere.

"If thy brother trespass against thee."-Luke xvii. 3.

I am cautious lest I be deceived.

"I reck not, so it light well aimed."

"And so thou purify thy soul.

"And so thou lean on our fair Father, Christ."

Tennyson.

"So that this prospect be with pity."-Bacon.
"That thou appear not unto men to fast."-Matt. vi. 18.
"O that my head were waters."-Jer. ix. 1.

"If I will that he tarry till I come."-John xxi. 22.
"I would that I were dead."-Tennyson.

though. "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him."

Job xiii. 15. "Though he were dead, yet shall he live."―John xi. 25. "Though the philosophers of that kind be gone."

Bacon.

"Sunk though he be beneath the watery floor."-Milton.

till.

"Ye do show the Lord's death till he come."

"Till civil-suited morn appear."-Milton.
"Till the livelong daylight fail."—Id.

unless. Unless he come soon, I must go.

1 Cor. xi. 26.

"I had fainted unless I had believed.”—Psa. xxvii. 13. "No poet ever sweetly sung,

Unless he were, like Phoebus, young."-Swift.

"Any one may speak unless he have already spoken.”

4. Tense. Tense is the relation of time expressed by the verb.

There are three simple distinctions of time-Present, Past, and Future; and hence, corresponding respectively to these, we have three simple grammatical tenses. But as an action at any time may be either imperfect or perfect, we have to allow altogether six tenses :

1. Present Imperfect, I praise.

2. Present Perfect, I have praised.
3. Past Imperfect, I praised.
4. Past Perfect, I had praised.
5. Future Imperfect, I shall praise.
6. Future Perfect, I shall have praised.

The perfect tenses are used to denote actions regarded as perfect in the time spoken of. The action is perfect; the time, present, past, or future. The perfect tenses, both in the active and passive voice, are formed by placing the perfect participle of the verb conjugated after some part of the auxiliary verb to have (have, have been, had, had been, shall be, etc.). Verbs of motion, however, may form their perfect tenses with the help either of some part of the verb to have, or some part of the verb to be :