recent troubles of Turkey Ipek has suffered, and in 1876 the Turkish officials closed the monastery.

See Boué, Itinéraire de la Turquie; Irby, The Slavonic Provinces of Turkey, 1867; Barth, Reise durch das Innere der Europäischen Turkei, Berlin, 1864.

place in from 20 minutes to half an hour after ingestion. Minute quantities of the drug, on the contrary, such as drop doses of ipecacuanha wine every hour or three times a day, according to the urgency of the case, have the effect of checking vomiting arising from natural causes. The nauseating and emetic properties of IPHICRATES, an Athenian general who flourished ipecacuanha are believed to be due to its influencing the in the earlier half of the 4th century B. C., owes his peripheral terminations of the pneumogastric nerve, fame as much to the improvements which he made in since it produces vomiting even if injected into the the accoutrements of the peltasts or light-armed troops blood. In nauseating doses it acts both as a diaphoretic and antispasmodic. It is also a stimulant or irri- creasing the length of their javelins and swords, subas to his numerous victories gained by their aid. Intant of the mucous membranes, and is hence classed as stituting linen corselets for their heavy coats-of-mail, an expectorant, and used successfully in cough, bron- and introducing the use of light shoes, called after him chitis, gastric catarrh, and diarrhoea. Some individuals are so sensitive to the action of ipecacuanha as to which these troops could make the sudden forays that Iphicratides, he increased greatly the rapidity with suffer, even on smelling the drug on entering a room were so common in the military tactics of the time. where it is kept, all the symptoms of coryza, hay fever, With his peltasts Iphicrates seriously injured the allies or bronchitis. In large doses of from 60 to 90 grains, of the Lacedæmonians in the Corinthian war, and in repeated if required in 10 or 12 hours, the patient 392 succeeded in dealing a heavy blow at once to the lying on his back to prevent sickness or nausea,-it is vanity and the prestige of the Spartans, by almost anfound to be one of the most valuable remedies in dys-nihilating a body of their famous hoplites. Following up entery, especially in the epidemic and sporadic forms his success, he took city after city for the Athenians; met with in tropical and malarious countries. Externally applied in the form of ointment, ipecacuanha causes considerable irritation, followed by the appear ance of pustules and ulceration. In doses of one-eighth to one-sixth of a grain it acts as a stomachic, and probably increases the gastric secretions.

Other plants to which the name of ipecacuanha has been popularly applied are American Ipecacuanha (Gillenia stipulacea, Spreng.), Wild Ipecacuanha (Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, L.), Bastard Ipecacuanha (Asclepias curassavica, L.), Guiana Ipecacuanha (Boerhavia decumbens, Vahl), Venezuela Ipecacuanha (Sarcostemma glaucum, H. B.), and Ipecacuanha des Allemands (Vincetoxicum officinale, Moench.). All these possess emetic properties to a greater or less degree. The term poaya is applied in Brazil to emetic roots of several genera belonging to the natural orders Cinchonaceae, Violacea, and Polygalaceæ, and hence several different roots have from time to time been sent over to England as ipecacuanha; but none of them possesses the ringed or annulated appearance of the true drug. Of these the roots of Ionidium Ipecacuanha, Vent., Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil., and Psychotria emetica, Mutis, are those which have most frequently been exported from Brazil or New Granada.

See Pharmacographia, 2d ed., pp. 370-376; Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, 20; Martius, Systema Materiæ Medica Brasiliensis, p. 91-94; Ringer, Handbook of Therapeutics, 8th ed., p. 406; Bartholow, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, pp. 423-428. (E. M. H.)

IPEK (?12,000) (Slavonic, Petcha; Albanian, Peja; Latin. Pescium), a town of Upper Albania, in the Turkish eyalet of Uskub, situated in the upper valley of the Drin between the mountains Peklen and Koprionik. A small stream, bearing like several others in the Balkan peninsula the name of Bistritza (the bright or clear), flows through the town. On one of the neighboring heights is situated the monastery of Ipek, founded by Archbishop Arsenius in the 13th century, and famous as the ancient seat of the patriarch of the Servian Church. The buildings are surrounded by thick walls, and comprise a large central church (Our Lady's), and two side chapels (the Martyrs and St. Demetrius), each surmounted by a leaden cupola. The church dates from the 16th and 17th centuries. Among its numerous objects of interest are the body of Archbishop Nicodemus, the white marble tombs of Arsenius and other chiefs of the Servian Church, and the white marble throne on which the patriarchs were crowned. The side chapels have stained glass windows. According to some authorities, Ipek occupies the site of Dioclea, destroyed by the Bulgarians in the 11th century. In the Turkish administration it is the seat of a pasha with two tails, and at one time the pashalik had become almost an hereditary government. The population of the town was calculated by Boué (1838, 1845) at 8000 and by Dr. Müller (1844) at 12,000. Jourishitch, the Servian author, states the number of houses at 4000. In the

but his arrogance procured his transfer from Corinth to
the Hellespont, whither, however, his success followed
him. About 378 he accepted a command under the
Persians in Egypt, and on his return thence to Athens
commanded an expedition in 373 for the relief of
Corcyra, which was menaced by the Lacedæmonians.
On the peace of 371, Iphicrates seems to have returned
to Thrace, and somewhat tarnished his fame by siding
with his father-in-law, King Cotys, in a war against
Athens for the possession of the entire Chersonese.
The Athenians, however, soon pardoned him and gave
him a joint command in the social war.
For his con-
duct in this position he was impeached; after his ac-
quittal he lived quietly at Athens. The date of his
death is unknown.

See Rehdantz, Vitæ Iphicratis, Chabriæ et Timothei.

IPHIGENEIA is the heroine of several famous Greek legends. She is generally said to be the daughter of Agamemnon, and is also called Iphianassa, though the two are distinguished by Sophocles and by the writer of the Cypria. Agamemnon had of fended Artemis, who therefore prevented the Greek fleet from sailing for Troy, and could be appeased only by the sacrifice of his daughter. According to some accounts the sacrifice was completed, according to others Artemis carried away the maiden to be her priestess in the Tauric Chersonese, and substituted for her a hind. In this new country it was her duty to sacrifice to the goddess all strangers; and as Orestes came in search of her she was about to sacrifice him, when a happy recognition took place. These legends show how closely the heroine is associated with the cultus of Artemis, and with the human sacrifices which accompanied it in older times before the Hellenic spirit had modified the barbarism of this borrowed religion. They bring into connection the different places in which this goddess was worshipped; and, as Attica was one of her chief seats, Iphigeneia is sometimes called a daughter of Theseus. At Comana in Cappadocia, one of the chief homes of the goddess in her more barbaric form, there was a priestly family Orestiada; and Iphigeneia and Orestes are named as the founders of Artemis worship in Sparta and Attica, as well as in many parts of Asia Minor and Italy (see Preller, Griech. Mythol., 3d ed., i. 250). At Hermione Artemis was worshipped with the epithet Iphigeneia,— this showing the heroine to be in the last resort a form of that goddess. Iphigeneia is a favorite subject in Greek literature and art. She is the heroine of two plays of Euripides; but none of the many other tragedies founded on her story have been preserved. In vase paintings she frequently occurs; and the picture by Timanthes representing Agamemnon hiding his face at her sacrifice was one of the famous works of antiquity.

preme court.

7734.

S. lat. and 152° 50′ E. long. It is the centre of a
rich pastoral and agricultural district, the principal
product being maize. Coal is worked on the banks of
the Bremer and the Brisbane, and there is a woollen
factory in the town. A court-house, a hospital, a
lunatic asylum, a grammar school, opened in 1863,
and a school of arts are among the public buildings.
The first sale of crownlands took place on October 11,
1543; and the first steamer between Brisbane and
Ipswich was run June 29, 1846. It was in 1860 that
the town was incorporated as a municipality, and in IRAWADI, or IRRAWADDY, the principal river in
the same year was held the first session of the su- the province of British Burmah, traversing the Pegu
The railway to Brisbane was opened division from north to south. The Irawadi is formed
in 1875. The value of ratable property is estimated by the junction of two streams whose source is as yet
at about £350,000. In 1871 the population of Ips- unknown, in about 26° N. lat. The chief tributaries
wich was 4820; in 1876, including the suburbs, it was are the Mogoung, from the westward, which throws its
water into the main stream (here 600 yards wide) in 24°
IQUIQUE, a seaport town of Peru, in the depart-50′ N. lat. and the Shwe li and Kyeng-dweng. Shortly
ment of Tarapaca, in 20° 12′ S. lat. In the twenty- after leaving the mouth of the Mogoung it enters the
five years from 1850 to 1875 it rose from a mere fishing first or upper defile. Here the current is very rapid,
village to be a place of from 18,000 to 20,000 inhabit- and the return waters occasion violent eddies and whirl-
ants. This rapid growth was solely the result of the pools. When the river is at its lowest, no bottom is
trade in the nitrate of soda which is found in exhaust- found even at 40 fathoms. After receiving the Ta-
less abundance in the neighboring country, and of which peng from the east, it enters the second defile, which is
during the five years 1874 to 1878 there was annually exceedingly picturesque, the stream winding in perfect
exported from the province, by way of Iquique, Mejil- stillness under high bare rocks rising sheer out of the
lones, Junin, and Pisagua, an average of 276,811 tons. water. Farther down the Irawadi, and not far from
About 60 or 70 tons of iodine are also manufactured in Mandalay, is the third or lowest defile. The banks
the nitrate of soda factories, varying in proof from 95 are covered at this point with dense vegetation, and
to 98 per cent. There entered and cleared in 1877 slope down to the water's edge; at places appear al-
253 vessels, of which 142 were English, the total bur- most perpendicular but wooded heights. The course
den being 138,054 tons. As there is no cultivable land of the Irawadi after receiving the waters of the Myit-
in the vicinity, all provisions have to be imported. In nge and Tsagaing, as far as 17° N. lat., is exceedingly
1875 the town was laid waste by a conflagration; and it tortuous; the British frontier is crossed in 19° 29′ 3′′
had hardly begun to recover from this disaster when it N. lat., 95° 15′ E. long., the breadth of the river here
was visited in 1877 by a series of earthquakes. The being mile; about 11 miles lower down it is nearly 3
wooden houses which fell at the first shock took fire, miles broad. At Akouk-toung, where a spur of the
and while the firemen were endeavoring to extinguish Arakan hills ends in a precipice 300 feet high, the river
the flames a huge wave rushed in and carried off their enters the delta, the hills giving place to low alluvial
en rines. The people suffered severely both from hun- plains, now protected on the west by embankments.
ger and thirst, as the principal store and the water con- From 17° N. lat. the Irawadi divides and subdivides,
densers were both destroyed. The total damage was converting the lower portion of its valley into a net-
estimated at £800,000. In 1878 there were only 7000 work of intercommunicating tidal creeks. It reaches
or 8000 people in the town, which, however, has been the sea in 15° 50′ N. lat. and 95° 8' E. long., by nine
rebuilt with greater attention to solidity of architecture principal mouths. The only ones used by sea-going
and regularity of plan.
ships are the Bassein and Rangoon mouths. The area
of the catchment basin of the Irawadi is 158,000 square
miles; its total length from its known source to the sea
is about 900 miles, the last 240 of which are in British
territory. As far down as Akouk-toung in Henzada
district its bed is rocky, but below this sandy and mud-
dy. It is full of islands and sandbanks: its waters are
extremely muddy, and the mud is carried far out to
sea. The river commences to rise in March; about
June it rises rapidly, and attains its maximum height
about September. The total flood discharge for 1877
was 466,120,288,940 metre tons of 37 cubic feet. The
river is navigable at all seasons by steamers of light
draught as high as the first defile, and during the dry
season for steamers drawing 6 feet as far as the fron-
tier. The chief tributaries of the Irawadi in British
territory are the Tha-htún (or Theng-dún), the Tha-de,
and Thai-lai-dan from the west; and the Kye-ní,
Bhwotlay, and Na-weng from the east. Below Akouk-
toung on the west and Prome on the east the Irawadi
receives no tributaries of any importance.

el Irak were also rulers of the Jebal. The country
corresponds in large part to the ancient Media.
IRAK ARABI, or IRAK EL ARABI, to which the
name Irak is more properly applied, is the district
between the Tigris and Euphrates, and from the Eu-
phrates west to the desert, its northern limit being
from Anah on the Euphrates to Tekrit on the Tigris.
It corresponds to the land of Chaldæa or Lower Meso-
potamia. There is a town Irak in the district, about
20 miles east of the Euphrates.

IRAK ADJEMI (ie., Persian Irak), also called JEBAL (Arabic, mountains) and KOHISTAN (Hindustani, mountain-land), is the most important of the eleven provinces of Persia, comprising the larger part of the western half of the country, or upwards of 138,280 square miles. To the north lie Azerbijan, Ghilan, and Mazanderan, to the east Khorasan, to the south Farsistan and Khuzistan, and to the west Ardilan and Luristan. The mountains for the most part run west and east, or north-west and south-east. Among the important valleys are those of Hamadan, Ispahan, and Tezdikhast. The principal river though it only belongs to Irak Adjemi in the middle part of its courseis the Kizil Uezen or Sefid Rud, which drains about 25.000 square miles of country, rising between Hamaan and Tabriz, in that part of the Kurdistan highlands which bears the name of Besch Parmak or Pentchangusht (Five-Finger Mountain), flowing northnorth-east and then east to its junction with the Hasht Rud, and finally breaking through the Elburz range and finding its way to the Caspian. The rest of the rivers for the most part flow towards the Great Salt Desert, which forms part of the wide eastern plain that stretches eastward into Khorasan. The following are points whose position has been fixed. Teheran, the apital, 35° 40' 30'' N. lat., 51° 24′ 54′′ E. long.; Kum, 439 N. lat., 50° 53′ 54′′ E. long.; Kushan, 34° N. lat., 51° 26′ 39′′ E. long.; Ispahan, 32° 37′ 30 N. lat.. and 51° 39′ E. long. The name Irak Adjemi is a modern one, and Reynaud confesses that he knows no other origin of its use than the fact that the Seljukids who reigned over Irak and bore the title of Sultan

The broad channel of the Irawadi has always been the sole means of communication between the interior and the seaboard. From time immemorial the precious stones, minerals, etc., of Upper Burmah, Siam, and the Chinese frontier provinces have been brought down by this route. At the present day the great bulk of the trade is in the hands of the "Irrawaddy Flotilla Company," an important English carrying firm; but native boats still maintain a strenuous competition. The flotilla of the company consists of about sixty vessels, including both steamers and flats. They employ about 1770 hands, European and native, and distribute in

wages upwards of £50,000 a year. Their headquarters are at Rangoon, whence steamers run twice a week to Bassein, and also to Mandalay. The latter service is continued twice a month to Bhamo, about 1000 miles from the sea. The principal articles carried up stream are Manchester piece goods, rice, salt, hardware, and silk. The articles carried down stream are raw cotton, cutch, india-rubber, jade, spices, precious stones, timber, earth-oil, and dry crops, such as wheat and pease. The value of the trade either way is roughly estimated at about 1 millions sterling. The total number of native boats on the Irawadi is returned at about 8000. They carry a large proportion of the heavy articles of commerce, especially cutch and earth-oil.

IRBIT, a town of European Russia in the government of Perm, 70 miles north-east of Ekaterinburg, at the confluence of the Irbit with the Nitza, a sub-tributary of the Obi. Though the St. Petersburg Calendar for 1878 gives the permanent population as only 4212 (in 1860 the number was 3408), it is one of the most important trade centres of northern Russia, and during its great fair (February 1-13 to March 1-13) it is visited by upwards of 20,000 people. Among its public buildings are a theatre, an exchange, a bank (established in 1849, with a capital of 30,000 roubles), and a district school. Irbit was originally founded by Tartars in 1633, but the discovery of iron ore in the neighborhood soon attracted Russian settlers. The assistance which the inhabitants rendered in the sup

pression of the Pugatcheff rebellion was rewarded by Catherine granting Irbit the rank of a town in 1775. In 1781 it was made a district town of Perm. The right of holding the fair was bestowed by Michael Theodorovitch as early as 1643, and from 1695 the customs which had previously been collected at Verkhoturya were taken at Irbit itself.

In 1829 the value of the wares brought to market amounted to 10,888,155 roubles (£1,723,916), and these were sold to the value of 7,537,489. In 1861 the corresponding figures were 51,204,000 roubles and 39,397,500. In 1859 the principal items were (a) of Russian goods: leather and skins, 6,780,000 roubles; furs, 4,750,000; copper and iron, 1,252,000; grain, salt, meat, and fish, 1,207,000; fruit and groceries, 1,115,000; wooden wares, 1,040,000; (b) of European wares: cotton, woollen, and silk, 12,087,000; sugar, 2,650,000; groceries 860,000; (c) of Asiatic goods: tea, 29,500,000. In 1880 the fur trade was especially active, no fewer than 3,550,000 Siberian furs and 110,100 Russian furs being brought to market. The tea, on the other hand, did not go beyond the value of 5 million roubles. There is a horse fair at Irbit, October 28th (September 10th), when old horses are disposed of by Tobolsk and Tyumen Tartars. The Irbit iron-works are situated 40 miles from the town, on the banks of the river Irbit, below the confluence of the Shaitanka, which flows out of Irbit lake, a sheet of water nearly 4 miles long and 24 miles broad. The inhabitants women). In 1873 the output of pig iron was about 2000 of the spot numbered 1822 in 1869 (861 men and 961 tons. The Irbit post-road leaves the great Siberian road at Kamnishloff, 73 miles from the town.

IRE

IRELAND.

PART I-GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS.

RELAND, a large island to the west of Great which have been carried away during a vast period of Britain, and along with it forming the United denudation chiefly by the action of subaerial agents. Kingdom, extends from 51° 26' to 55° 21' N. lat., The strata of limestone are nearly horizontal, except and from 5° 25' to 10° 30′ W. long. It is encir- where they are contorted by local disturbances. In cled by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the east is sepa- the central plain it is only occasionally that the limerated from Great Britain towards the north by the stone crops to the surface, as it is generally overlaid by North Channel, whose width at the narrowest part, boulder clay, the result of glacial action, by the middle between the Mull of Cantyre and Torr Head, is only sands and gravels formed on the bed of the shallow sea 13 miles; in the centre by the Irish Sea, whose width by which the plain was at one time occupied, or by the is 130 miles; and in the south by St. George's Channel, peat bogs resting on the beds of previous lakes. At which has a width of 69 miles between Dublin and one period the Carboniferous beds must have extended Holyhead, and of 47 miles at its southern extremity. widely beyond their present limits, and have formed The island has the form of an irregular rhomboid, the the surface strata of the uplands to the north-west and largest diagonal of which, from Torr Head in the north-south-east. In the north-western highlands of Sligo, east to Mizen Head in the south-west, measures 302 miles. The greatest breadth of the island is 174 miles, and the average breadth about 110 miles. The total area comprises 32,535 square miles, or 20,822,494 acres. Territorially it is divided into 4 provinces-Leinster, Munster, Ulster, and Connaught-and 32 counties, the number of counties included in the different provinces being 12, 6, 9, and 5 respectively. These 32 counties are divided into 316 baronies, comprising 2532 parishes, which are further divided into townlands or ploughlands numbering about 60,760, with an average size of over 300 acres each. Table I. shows the area and distribution of land by provinces and counties in 1880.

Geology. The central part of Ireland is occupied by a great undulating plain, whose highest elevation is 300 and average elevation about 200 feet. In the centre of the country, from Dublin Bay on the east to Galway Bay on the west, this plain stretches from shore to shore, but towards the south and north it is enclosed by an irregular semicircular belt of mountainous country. The surface of the plain is broken occasionally by isolated hills. Throughout nearly the whole of its extent it rests on the Carboniferous Limestone, and in several places there are remains of the Upper Carboniferous strata or Coal-measures, by which the Carboniferous Limestone was at one time overlaid, and

Leitrim, and Fermanagh they still form a lofty tableland, which occasionally rises into peaks about 2000 feet in height.

The mountain masses of Ireland are generally trayersed by deep and narrow valleys running both north and south and east and west, and frequently giving rise to high and isolated peaks. The districts of Donegal and Derry in the north-west, and those of Galway and Mayo in the west, consist chiefly of metamorphosed Lower Silurian rocks, and are believed to form part of the same geological system as that of the Highlands of Scotland. Those of Donegal and Derry, lying between Donegal Bay and Lough Foyle, consist of granite, gneiss, and hornblendic and other schists, with crystalline limestones and quartzites. Their principal peaks are the isolated summit of Errigal (2466 feet) and Blue Stack (2219 feet). In West Galway and Mayo the rocks consist chiefly of quartzite, or of alternating beds of quartzite and granite or gneiss schist. They include the Twelve Pins of Connemara (2395 feet), Croagh Patrick on the shores of Clew Bay (2510 feet), the Nephin Beg mountains, and the Ox mountains. The range of hills between Killary Harbor and Lough Mask

the highest summit of which, Muilrea, has an elevation of 2688 feet-belongs to the Upper Silurian formation. The fact that these rocks do not share in the metamorphism of the Lower Silurian beds shows that