learn from his childhood all the principal modern languages, on having accustomed him to serve himself, without assistance, to despise every kind of effeminacy, to sleep habitually on a wooden bed, merely covered with a straw mat; to face the sun, cold, and rain; to habituate himself to fatigue by daily practising violent exercises, and by going five or six leagues with leaden soles in his usual walks; and, lastly, on having taught him many branches of knowledge, and on having inspired him with a taste for travelling."

That the education of the young princes might be really solid and practical, the Duke of Valois and his brothers all sharing in the instructions of Madame de Genlis, had appropriated to their use a garden, which they dug and planted with their own hands, a German being their companion in these occupations, during which they spoke only the language of his country; while at dinner, and in their evening walks they usually spoke English, and at supper Italian.

In their rambles through the neighboring country, their companions were sandapothecary and a chemist, whose business it was to instruct them in botany, and in the medicinal nature and properties of plants. The princes were also frequently employed in the manufacture of articles of domestic utility. Weaving, basket-making, turning, and other mechanical operations, filled up many a hap py hour of their lives. The Duke of Valois, however, is said to have excelled the whole familyparty in cabinet-making. Assisted by his brothers, he manufactured for the house of a poor woman at St. Leu, a press, and a table with draw

ers, both equal to the best that could be purchased. The tools and instruments which these rational scholars were accustomed to use, as well as various models of their workmanship, were preserved, at the close of their education, in the gallery of the Palais Royal, and after the Revolution were exhibited at the Louvre.

But the instances of kind and generous feeling recorded of the young duke, are such as reflect the greatest beauty upon his character; and his many acts of unostentatious kindness are dwelt upon by his governess with every demonstration of nattural and real satisfaction. During these excursions they were accustomed to make to different parts of the country, it was discovered at one place, that he had secretly given all the money he could procure to release a debtor from prison; and on the following day, being informed that a respectable person, of whom he had known something, had been totally ruined in business, he besought his governess to send him a sum of money, sufficient to release this man from his embarrassments. The letter which he addressed to Madame Genlis on this occasion, was preserved by her among her most precious relics. It ran as follows: "I propose to deprive myself of my pocket-money to the conclusion of my education; that is, up to the first of April, 1790, and to devote that amount to benevolent purposes. On the first of each month we will decide the use that is to be made of it; I beg you will receive on this subject my most sacred word, that I wish this to remain a secret between us.

No wonder that these, and other equally delight

ful illustrations of character, should have given rise to the following memorial recorded in the journal of the governess for that year :

"The Duke of Chartres has greatly improved in disposition during the last year. He was born with good dispositions; he is now become intelligent and virtuous. He has none of the frivolity of his age: he sincerely disdains the puerilities which occupy the pursuits of so many young men; such as fashions, dress, trinkets, trifles of all kinds, the rage for following novelties. He has no passion for money; he is disinterested; despises glare, and is, consequently, truly noble: lastly, he has an excellent heart, which is common to his brothers and sister, and which, joined to reflection, is capaple of producing all other good qualities."

In the year 1787 a very extensive and interesting tour was undertaken by the governess and her young pupils, during which excursion they visited, among other places of celebrity, the rocky fortress of St. Michael, one of the most romantic objects in Europe. The first object of curiosity in this place was the famous iron cage, in which prisoners committed on lettres de cachet were formerly confined. When the young duke arrived at the scene where this horrible structure was exhibited, fifteen years had elapsed since the cage had been permanently tenanted; though the prior who conducted them to the spot, and who acted as commandant of the fortress, acknowledged that refractory individuals from the monastery and the town, had been confined there for four and twenty hours. While giving this account the prior could not fail to perceive the rising indignation of his youthful

visiters; he therefore informed them that it was his intention, at no very distant period, to destroy. this instrument of the cruelty of princes. An intention so accordant with the feelings of the juvenile party, was hailed with the utmost delight, and a request was instantly made that they might be present at the scene of destruction.

The demolition of the iron cage is thus described by Madame Genlis, who was herself a witness of the act: "A few hours before our departure from St. Michael's, the prior, followed by the monks, two carpenters, one of the Swiss of the castle, and the greater part of the prisoners (who, at our request were allowed to be present) accompanied us to the vault containing the horrible cage. In order to reach it, we were obliged to traverse caverns so dark, that we had to use lighted flambeaux; and after having descended many steps, we reached a frightful cavern, where stood this abominable structure. It was surprisingly small, and placed on ground so damp, that the water was seen running under it. I entered with sentiments of horror and indignation mingled with the pleasant feeling that at last-thanks to my pupils no unfortunate pupil would ever again have to reflect with bitterness within its walls, on his own misfortunes and the cruelty of men.

The Duke of Chartres, with the most touching expression, and with a strength beyond his years, gave the first blow with his axe to the cage, after which, the carpenters cut down the door, and removed some of the wood. I have never witnessed any thing more affecting than the transports, the acclamations, and the applauses of the prisoners, during

this demolition. In the midst of the tumult, I was struck with the melancholy and miserable looks of the Swiss, who regarded the operation with evident symptoms of grief. I mentioned this to the prior, who replied, that the Swiss regretted the destruction of the cage, because he derived some fees from showing it to strangers. The explana

tion being overheard by the Duke of Chartres, he turned instantly round, and handing ten louis to the Swiss, said, " In future, instead of showing the iron cage to travellers, you will have to point out to them the place where it once stood, and surely that view will be infinitely more gratifying to those who possess feelings of humanity."

Happy was it indeed for the young duke, that his education in every way had fitted him for those reverses of fortune, which at an early period of his life, cast him forth upon the world dependant only upon his own resources, and upon those energies of mind and body, which never, under any circumstances, failed to support him with dignity and honor, both as a man of spirit and intelligence, and as the member of a princely house.

The events of the French revolution are too much the subject of history, to be even touched upon in a brief notice of individual character, like this. It is enough to state, that in consequence of these events of the many changes in the tide of popular feeling, of the violent disruption of natural and social ties, and of the consequent uprooting of public as well as private confidence, which necessarily followed, the Duke of Chartres, though already distinguished as a military commander, was compelled to escape from his unhappy coun