per day, plus maintenance. A wall painter received 56 cents per day, plus maintenance. If one translates fish prices into wages paid to fishermen, it is found that they exceed tremendously the wages paid to other laborers at that time. This high rate of pay for fishermen certainly was a recognition of their work, of the difficulties which they encountered, and of the dangers to which they were exposed. The Regulation of Diocletian was vigorously enforced for a while. A writer of the 4th Century, Lactantius, wrote that many had been executed for violation of the law. But, despite the severe penalty which threatened violators (the capital penalty was the only penalty provided for in the statute), the regulation lasted only 4 years. The failure of the regulation was one of the reasons for Diocletian's abdication in 305, which he accompanied by his famous words: "I would rather raise spinach than to continue being Emperor." According to the public law of Roman times, an edict expired with the end of the reign of the Emperor if it was not republished by his successor. The regulation of Diocletian was not republished. The main reason for its not being republished was that it was not refined enough to meet the needs of even the primitive economy of ancient times. No differentials were permitted for transportation and other special services. Since the producer could ask for the ceiling price, there was no margin available for the wholesaler or retailer. Lactantius describes the economic effect of the statute of Diocletian with the following words: "Because of a lack of supplies and of very low prices much blood was shed and nothing offered for sale because of fear that prices might go much higher." Lactantius meant that the ceiling prices actually were so low as to discourage production and trade, and most supplies were offered in an extensive black market. In this black market, the prices rose continuously, which again discouraged sales and production. Today, the OPA attempts to recognize the necessities of economic life by adjusting the prices to the needs of production and by establishing proper differentials on the different production and distribution levels. May we hope that the OPA is more successful than Diocletian was. 0-0-0 PRODUCTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS IN ALABAMA, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TEXAS DURING 1943 By Lorraine D. Peterson* Although faced by increasingly severe manpower problems, price ceilings, and numerous other wartime handicaps in 1943, fishery production in the Gulf States generally exceeded that of 1942, reports from the most important fishery production points indicate. The rationing of meat, and the demands of the armed forces placed greater emphasis on fishery products, helping to keep up the production in spite of adverse conditions. Shortage of cannery labor diverted much of the shrimp and oysters usually canned to the fresh and frozen markets. Canned oysters were under price ceilings while fresh-shucked oysters remained uncontrolled, hence the oyster industry placed most of its production in the fresh market, with prices at record levels. The same thing was true in the case of shrimp until ceiling prices were placed on both the frozen and the fresh product. Production in 1943 totaled 805,991 state barrels of oysters (2,775,807 U. S. standard bushels) and 99,320,621 pounds of other fishery products, according to the records collected by the New Orleans Fishery Market News office. Oyster production was one percent less than in 1942 and other items gained one percent. Increases of 27 percent and il percent, respectively, occurred in production of fresh-water and salt-water fish. The most important decline was a drop of 37 percent in hard crab production, attributable largely to lack of labor. Production reports have been divided into 51 classifications, including fresh-water fish, 4; salt-water fish, 31; and shellfish and miscellaneous items, 16. The most important item was shrimp, which accounted for 82 percent of the production exclusive of oysters. Oysters ranked second in volume, as the 805,991 barrels taken would produce about 11,880,000 pounds of meats. Crab production, in third place, was followed by the general classifications of salt-water and fresh-water_fish. Among fish, mullet and red snapper produced two* Fishery Marketing Specialist, New Orleans, La. thirds of the total volume, and catfish, spotted sea trout, grouper, and red drum followed , in order Compared with 1942, shrimp production increased 6,306,720 pounds or 8 percent, and hard crab totals fell 5,271,189 pounds, or 37 percent. Production of fresh-cooked crab meat, dropping 389,404 pounds, decreased 27 percent. Increases of 364,085 pounds in the mullet catch; red drum, 180,480 pounds; spotted sea trout, 135,715 pounds; and catfish, 76,280 pounds, were mainly responsible for rises of 11 percent and 27 percent, respectively, in the salt- and fresh-water fish totals. Red snapper and grouper catches decreased 253,370 and 52,390 pounds or 37 and 20 percent, respectively, these being the only major fish items to suffer declines. Oyster production fell about one percent--a reduction of ll percent in the take of oysters for canning being virtually offset by a 22 percent increase in oysters for other purposes. Table I indicates the main changes from 1942. O Lbs. Table I - Production of Important Species - 1943 Species Unit Production Percentage Change From 1942 Catfish 498,350 +18 Blue runner 143,500 +20 Drum, black 190,425 +29 Drum, red 415,840 +77 Grouper 204,460 -20 Kiny whiting ...... 161,942 +43 Mullet 2,602,415 +16 Sea trout, spotted 437, 976 +45 Snapper, red 1,917,480 -12 Crabs, hard 8,876,943 -37 Crab meat, fresh-cooked 1,028,908 -27 Oysters: For canning 507,350 -11 Other 298,641 +22 Total 805,991 . 1 Shrimp: For canning 138,874 -26 Other 251,394 +45 To tal 390,268 + 8 Bols, Monthly indexes of production of the more important varieties during 1943 follow in Table II. This shows the seasonal variations in landings along the Gulf Coast. For each of the varieties listed, the month during which the largest landings were made has been given a value of 100. The landings in other months have been expressed in percentages of the largest. month. The relative sizes of each month's production is quickly ascertainable by noting the relation of its index number to 100. 25,180 70 Table II MONTHLY INDEX OF PRODUCTION OF IMPORTANT SPECIES: Ala., Miss., La., &, Texas, 1943 (Expressed for each item in percentages of its greatest monthly volume Product Unit Year's Largest Percentages of largest month's landings Lbs. 50 41 53 20 100 21 5 11 16 36 38 Red (Redfish) 415,840 91,560 100 32 15 29 14 7 Grouper 204,460 61 69 31 65 Mullet 2,602,415 814,400 19 16 ll 14 20 22 36 100 21 27 Sea trout: Spotted 437,976 65,010 33 66 41 58 63 67 23 47 100 70 43 56 Snapper, red 215, 270 62 90 88 98 39 29 69 99 95 74 SISTALFISH, ETC. Crabs, hard Lbs. 8,876,943 1,435,260 7 8. 9 58 82 100 87 88 50 72 41 16 52 Crab meat, Fresh-cooked 1,028,908 161,590 7 8 7 59 83 100 90 92 57 16 53 Oysters: For canning Bbls. 507,350 142,961 55 93 100 88 16 1 2 Other 298,641 42,019 100 95 95 91 40 20 14 10 30 56 78 83 Total 805,991 182,876 66 95 100 90 22 5 3 2 7 18 20 37 Shrimp: For canning 138,874 35,734 16 13 1 12 11 1 100 47 19 32 Other 251,394 40,021 18 27 12 25 82 43 37 79 63 92 100 50 52 To tal 390, 268 67,273 19 23 8 15 55 31 23 100 90 92 85 39 48 Less than one-half of one percent. NOTE: Based on landings reported from production points listed in daily Fishery Products Reports. 2_93_100 43 825 Bin 75 275 2:52-275 2-12 Table III Range of Prices - New Orleans French Market - 1943 (Cents per pound except where indicated otherwise) Species January April June Buffalofish 15-17 12-15 12-15 Catfish 15-20 12-20 12-25 12-22 11-25 Gaspergou: Round 17 10-15 Dressed 22 Cabio (lemonfish) 10 10 Croaker 10 5-12 5-8 Drun, black: Bulls (each) 15-2,25 50-2.00 40-1.75 Medium 6-15 12-25 8-22 7-20 6-20 Drum, red Tredfish Bulls (each 1.00-1.75 1.50-2.75 2.50 1.50-3.00 1.50-2.50 Medium 9-20 20-30 15-25 12-25 Rats 15-221 126-20 17-20 25-30 Flounders 17-2019 12-20 5-15 & 20 Garfish: Round 5 3 Dressed 5-12 8-10 Grouper 12 Jewlish (Warsaw) 12 King whiting ground mullet) 31-11 2-15 3-15 21-10 Mullet 3-8 3-7 Sawfish 8-10 ő Gea catfish 8-12 7-15 7-12 Sea trout, spotted: Large 17-40 221-50 22-45 Mecium 12-30 17-21 15-40 15-40 Small 9-25 8-20 Sea trout, white 25 3-12 3-12 Shark 4-8 Sheepshead 7-17 10-17 17-25 17-25 10-25 Snapper, red 25 28 10 5 Common 3-12 2-10 21-10 Crabs, hard (bskt. 1.00-3.00 1.00-4.00 1.00-4.00 1.00-2.50 75-2.00 40-2.50 Crabs, soft (doz.) 75-3.00 50-3.00 50-2.50 1.00-2.50 Crayfish 7-15 810 Shrimp: (bbl.) Jumbo 32.00-36.00 Large 26.00-48.00 26.00-42.00 36.00-48.00 36.00-51.00 22.00-18.00 30.00-54.00 Medium 15.00-33.00 16.50-30.00 25.50-45.00 24.00-15.00 18.50-42.00 21.00-42.00 Small 9.00-30.00 12.00-24.00 12.00-36.00 12.00-32.00 8.00-24.00 10.00-30.00 Sea bobs 9.00-12.00 7.00-15.00 8.50-15.00 12.00-24.00 9.00-15.00 (Under 9) 9-12) (12-15) (15-18 (18-25) 26-39) (40-Over) Sea turtle Terrapin (each) 25-50 Squid 7-12 5 Turtle 11-12 4-12 6-10 10 Turtle meat 10 Species July August September October November December Buffalofish 12-15 Catfish 15-25 15-25 15-25 20-25 12-25 Gaspergou: Round Dressed 5-20 8 50-1.25 1.50 1.00-1.50 1.00-1.50 65-1.25 Medium 5-20 10-20 15-17 10-15 Drum, red (redfish): Buils (each) 2.00-2.50 1.75-2.50 2.25 2.00-2.50 2.00-2.50 1.25-2.50 Medium 20-25 17-25 Rats 25-30 15-25 15-22 Flounders 10-20 6-20 3-4 3 Dressed 7 7-10 Grouper 14 Jewfish (Warsaw) King whiting (ground millet) 121 7-121 5-10 「 8312 Tabl. III Range of Prices - New Orleans French Market :- 1943 (Contimed) ber . 5-9 68 30-45 25-40 20-40 17-30 20.30 224_30 10-25 15-25. 12 10-20 15-20 10-20 5-15 10-172 6-15 8-10 5 10 12-20 10 5-10 5-10 Species Large Jumbo (40-Over) Sea turtle . 30.00-60.00 52.00-57.00 23.00-30.00 1 -13) 35.00-39.90 35.00-39.90 28.00-39.90 24.00_36.00 27.00-39.90 27.00-34.00 20.00-30.00 24.00-39.90 21.00-30.00 17.00-29.40 17.00-28.35 21.00-30.00 14.00-24.00 15.00-24.00115.00-23.00 11.00-21.00 10.00-20.00 12.00-16.00 8-12 7 Price ranges of important items sold in the New Orleans' French Market in 1943 are shown in Table III. Large black and red drum are listed as "bulls." These may weigh from 15 to 35 pounds. Baskets of hard crabs contain about 40 pounds, while soft crabs average 4. pounds to a dozen. Shrimp with heads on average 210 pounds per barrel. While no standard styles and sizes are applied generally in marketing fish and shellfish in the ports of the Gulf, dealers who do use standards for commercial purposes usually employ the classifications in Table IV. Table IV - Market Classifications and Approximate Weights of Gulf Species Approximate Remarks1 weight, etc. FRCSH-WATER FISH In Pounds Buffalofish 3 - 20 Round Carp 2.8 Round Catfish 1.40 Round Gaspergou 1 5. Round 1 6 Round Blue minnet 1 Round Cabio (Lemonfish) 10-50 Round Crevalle (Jacks) 10-20 Round Croaker -1 Round 15-35 Black Round 2 -15 15-35 Round 2.4 1.5 Flounder Small 를 1 Round Garfish 10-60 Round, or skinned and dressed. Grouper 5-15 Drawn Jewfish (Warsaw) 50-500 Round King whiting (Ground mullet) Ž - 1 Round Large O Shrimp2 Table IV - Market Classifications and Approximate Weights of Gulf Species (Continued) Remarks1 weight, etc. SAL T-WATER FISH (Cont.) In Pounds Round Round 50-200 Round Sea catfish 3. Round 1 4 Round Round 30-200 Round Sheepshead 3.8 Round Snapper, red 3 -15 Drawn 1.3 Round 1 - 1 Round Tripletail(Blackfish) 2-10 Round 1/3 - 2/3 Live Soft 1/6 - 12 Live Crayfish 20-25 per lb. Live Frogs 1 / 2 : 1 Live 8,478.6 cu, in. In shell 8,100,0 cu, in, Under 18 per lb. Heads on Over 35 Under 9 9-12 12-15 Shrimp3/ 12-15 Heads on 15-18 15-18 18-25 18-25 26-39 26-39 40 & over" 40 & over Under 25 per lb. Listed "heads off" but Shrimp! medium landed meads on," Medium 30 to 35 Small 35 and up Under 15 count Under 15 15 - 20 15 - 20 21 25 Heads off 31 - 42 43 - 65 43 - 65 66 & over Heads on Heads off 50-150 Live Squid 9-12 per lb. Round Turtle 1-10 Live 1 Round - fish as caught. Drawn - entrails only removed, Dressed Entrails, head, and sometimes tail and other fins removed. 2 New Orleans French Market, prior to use of OPA classifications. count set by OPA, effective September 21, 1943. New York Salt-water Market, prior to use of OPA classifications, count set by OPA, effective September 21, 1943. M M . Shrimp5/ 0-0-0 |
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