The Principles of Fruit-growing

THE PLACE. The geography of a fruit farm-Choice with

reference to markets and frosts. - Location with reference to

market-Importance of transportation facilities-The per-

sonal markets. -Location with reference to frosts-Frosts

and freezes-Proximity to bodies of water-Nature of the

influence of lakes-Retardation of bloom-Elevation and

frost-Climate held responsible for too much-The declining

peach areas.- Winds and air-currents in relation to fruit-

growing-High and rolling lands-High winds to be avoided

- Effects of winds in drying up land and plants-Low wind-

breaks to lessen evaporation.-Atmospheric drainage - The

currents of air-Cold and dense air settles in low places-

The frosty belt below a wood-Very small objects intercept

movement of cold air-Temperatures of high and low sta-

tions.

Elevated sites

THE SITE FOR THE FRUIT PLANTATION.

usually better-The exposure. - The aspect-North and south

slopes.

WIND-BREAKS FOR FRUIT PLANTATIONS. Tabulated opin-

ions of fruit-growers - Epitome of benefits of wind-breaks-

Experiences adverse to wind-breaks. - Statements of authors

-Wind-breaks for many kinds of fruits and in various parts

of the country. - Forests and fruit-growing-Influence upon

wind and moisture-Its relation to insects and diseases.-

Review of the influences of wind-breaks upon fruit planta-

tions-What winds it is desired to break-Winds from bodies

of water-The effect of a wind-break upon winds. - Position

of the wind-break with reference to the fruit plantation - The

prevailing winds-Opinions of fruit-growers. - How to make

the wind-break-Kinds of trees-Opinions of fruit-growers-

Conclusions. - General summary upon wind-breaks - Con-

densed statements of benefits and injuries

Mulching to en-

PROTECTING PLANTATIONS FROM FROST.

able plants to escape frost-Experiments at Ithaca-Mulching
strawberries-Conclusions. - Covering plants for protection-
Methods of covering-Laying down blackberries and rasp-
berries-Protecting peach trees.-Adding vapor of water

to the air-Irrigating and flooding-Spraying for frost-Till-

ing-Systematic evaporation of water in orchards. - The

making of smudges - Characteristics of a good smudge-Ma-

terials to use-Spraying the smudges-An account of Euro-

pean experience. - Making currents of air-Heating the air

-Use of large fires

THE PREDICTION OF FROST. Records of frosts - Frost

charts-The psychrometer-Finding the dew-point.

THE TILLAGE OF FRUIT LANDS.

Evolution of tillage-Apparently contrary to nature-Com-

parison with the forest-Weeds-Neglect of apple orchards.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF TILLAGE. Three main objects of till-

age. The texture of the soil-Physical conditions more im-

portant than mere plant-food. - The moisture of the soil-

Drought and rainfall-The moisture reservoir-Fall plowing

-Tillage to save moisture-The earth-mulch.

133-174

138-145

USE OF THE VARIOUS TOOLS IN RELATION TO CONSERVA-

TION OF MOISTURE. Plowing to save moisture-The test of

good plowing. - Harrowing to save moisture-The spring-

tooth harrow-The acme harrow-The disc harrows - The

smoothing harrows. - Cultivators and conservation of mois-

ture-Level culture vs. ridge culture. - The roller in its

relation to soil moisture-Difficulty of using the roller prop-

erly-Its relation to seeding-Should be followed by tillage. 145-154

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE TILLING OF FRUIT LANDS. Drain-

ing-Subsoiling-Preliminary preparation of land for fruit

plantations-The plowing of the orchard-Level culture-

The tools-Harnesses-The tillage in the early and late years

of the orchard.-Specific remarks-1, Begin to till when the

orchard is planted, and till the entire surface-The deep root-

ing of trees-2, Tillage should be begun early in the season,

in orchards-The early growth of trees-3, Tillage should

generally be stopped in late summer or very early fall-4, Till

in such manner that the land may be in uniform fine tilth-

5, Tillage may be overdone - Too rapid growth

154-169

CROPPING THE ORCHARD. The open space about the tree-

The kind of crops for an orchard-Nursery stock in fruit

plantations-Sod in the orchard-Fallowing the orchard

PAGES

170-174

CHAPTER IV.

THE FERTILIZING OF FRUIT LANDS

Plants will grow without fertilizers-Profit may lie in

using additional plant-food, however-Humus-Formation

of soils-Weeds.

THE LESSON OF NURSERY LANDS. Injuries to such lands-

Source of fertility in soils-Man's treatment of the land-

The features of the nursery lands-The conclusions respect-

ing the depletion of nursery lands

COVER CROPS. What they are- Objects of their use-Ex-

periments with covers at Cornell. - The kinds of cover crops

-A local question-Rye-Corn, buckwheat and cereals-Peas

and beans-Cow pea-Vetch-Crimson Clover-Analyses

FERTILIZING THE FRUIT PLANTATION. Trees vs. annual

crops-Plant-food taken up by trees-Effects of the various

elements-New Jersey experiments in fertilizing peaches.-

Stable manure-Rotation in manures-Danger of over use

of barn manures. - Chemical fertilizers-Nitrogen-Potash-

Phosphoric acid-Recommendations by Voorhees. - Sum-

THE PLANTING OF FRUIT GROUNDS

THE CHOICE OF VARIETIES. A personal question-The

mental ideal-1, Follow personal preferences-2, Obtain a

specific ideal of the purpose for which the fruit is to be

grown-3, Do not covet varieties of other geographical re-

gions-4, Choose with reference to local environment-5,

Choose with reference to inter-pollination-The mixing of

varieties-Lists of self-fertile and self-sterile varieties-6,

The choice should be aided by inquiry of many persons and

THE SELECTION OF THE PLANTS.

What is first-class stock?

-Age at which to buy. -Dwarfs vs. standards - The parent-

age of the stock may affect its value-Buying the trees-

Peddlers-Near-by nurseries

THE SETTING OF THE PLANTS. When to plant-Fall vs.

spring-Stripped trees. - Distance apart - The mixing of

species, or double planting-The opinions of Van Deman.-

How to plant the stock-Preparing the land-Making the

holes - Mulching-Puddling. - Trimming the trees-The two

ideals-Illustrations of methods-Trim after planting-Trim-

ming fall-set trees

THE LAYING OUT OF THE FRUIT PLANTATION. Surveying

the land-The corn marker-Tree placers. To lay out with

the plow-Laying out with a line-Another line method-

Staking methods-Orchard plans-The hexagonal or Van

Deman plan-The alternate plan-The Wellhouse plan-

The Parker Earle plan-The Olden plan-Hale and Olden

plans for peach orchards. - The family fruit plantation..

230-237

237-254

254-276

Epitome of methods of tilling the land-May not be neces-

sary to plow when orchard is grown-Effect of breaking the

roots-The tools-Importance of saving the moisture.

THE GENERAL CARE OF THE PLANTS. Staking young

trees-Sun-scald - Bark-bound trees-Scrapiny trees - Gir-

dled trees and girdling-Pruning and heading-in - Winter

preparations - Depredations of stock and birds - Top-graft-

ing bearing trees - Thinning the fruit

MAPS AND RECORDS. Record books and plans-Labels

INJURIES BY COLD AND RAIN. Winter-killing of the wood

- Winter-killing of the fruit-buds-Injuries to the swelling

buds-Injuries to flowers and growing parts - What is an in-

jurious degree of cold? - The effect of rain upon blossoms

277-343

282-306

307-313

RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS. Nature of the problem-How

to begin and what to expect-Why are orchards barren?

313-340

340-343

CHAPTER VII.

DISEASES, INSECTS AND SPRAYING.

Historical contrast respecting spraying-Secondary results

of the spraying idea-Calls attention to pests-Forces new

ideals-Will bring in some of the discarded varieties-Forces

a closer study of companionships of pests and crops, and of

rotations-Will take its place as one of the cardinal opera-

tions of fruit farming-Will force better care of the planta-

tion- Will make the grower more watchful-Will enlarge his

horizon-Classification of pests and diseases -Insects-Para-

sitic fungi-Physiological and germ diseases - Borers-Root-

galls Injuries by hail-Bagging.

SPECIFIC REMARKS UPON SPRAYING. 1, Spraying is only

one of the requisites to success in fruit-raising-2, Spraying

is an insurance-3, Spraying is of some value every year

upon apples, pears, plums, quinces, grapes and various other

fruits-4, Spray thoroughly, or not at all-5, Prepare for

next year's work during the winter-6, The style of pump

and nozzle to use depends almost wholly upon the particular

kind of work to be done-7, The farmer should know what he

wants to kill before he begins to spray-8, The time to spray

must be determined for each particular case-9, Prepare

stock solutions for the Bordeaux mixture, rather than to

make each batch in the quantities called for by the formula-

10, How can one tell if soluble arsenic is present in Paris

green?-11, How can one determine if Paris green is pure ?

-12, What becomes of the arsenic when it falls upon the

soil?-Summary.

PAGES

344-377

353-377

CHAPTER VIII.

HARVESTING AND MARKETING FRUIT

PICKING FRUITS. When to pick-Long-keeping and ripe-

ness-Apples-Pears-Peaches and apricots-Cherries and

plums.-How to pick-Pick by the stem-Leave the stem on

-Fruit is picked in temporary receptacles-Ladders-Fruit-

pickers-Keep fruit away from the sun--
-Keeping records

with the pickers-Necessity of hand-picking.

378-479

378-401

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