The Principles of Fruit-growing

THE SITE FOR THE FRUIT PLANTATION, Elevated sites

usually better-The exposure. The aspect-North and south

WIND-BREAKS FOR FRUIT PLANTATIONS. Tabulated opin-

ions of fruit-growers - Epitome of benefits of wind-breaks-
Experiences adverse to wind-breaks. - Statements of authors
-Wind-breaks for many kinds of fruits and in various parts
of the country.- Forests and fruit-growing-Influence upon
wind and moisture-Its relation to insects and diseases.-
Review of the influences of wind-breaks upon fruit planta-
tions-What winds it is desired to break - Winds from bodies
of water-The effect of a wind-break upon winds.-Position
of the wind-break with reference to the fruit plantation - The
prevailing winds-Opinions of fruit-growers. - How to make
the wind-break-Kinds of trees-Opinions of fruit-growers-
Conclusions. - General summary upon wind-breaks-Con-
densed statements of benefits and injuries

PROTECTING PLANTATIONS FROM FROST. Mulching to en-
able plants to escape frost-Experiments at Ithaca - Mulching
strawberries-Conclusions. - Covering plants for protection-
Methods of covering-Laying down blackberries and rasp-
berries-Protecting peach trees. -Adding vapor of water

62-92

to the air- Irrigating and flooding-Spraying for frost-Till-

ing-Systematic evaporation of water in orchards. - The

making of smudges - Characteristics of a good smudge-Ma-

terials to use-Spraying the smudges-An account of Euro-

pean experience. - Making currents of air-Heating the air

-Use of large fires

THE PREDICTION OF FROST. Records of frosts-Frost

charts-The psychrometer-Finding the dew-point.

CHAPTER III.

THE TILLAGE OF FRUIT LANDS.

Evolution of tillage-Apparently contrary to nature-Com-

parison with the forest-Weeds-Neglect of apple orchards.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF TILLAGE. Three main objects of till-

age. The texture of the soil-Physical conditions more im-

portant than mere plant-food. - The moisture of the soil-

Drought and rainfall-The moisture reservoir-Fall plowing

-Tillage to save moisture-The earth-mulch.

USE OF THE VARIOUS TOOLS IN RELATION TO CONSERVA-

TION OF MOISTURE. Plowing to save moisture-The test of

good plowing. - Harrowing to save moisture-The spring-

tooth harrow-The acme harrow-The disc harrows - The

smoothing harrows. - Cultivators and conservation of mois-

ture-Level culture vs. ridge culture. - The roller in its

relation to soil moisture-Difficulty of using the roller prop-

erly-Its relation to seeding-Should be followed by tillage

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SUGGESTIONS FOR THE TILLING OF FRUIT LANDS. Drain-

ing-Subsoiling-Preliminary preparation of land for fruit

plantations-The plowing of the orchard-Level culture-

The tools-Harnesses-The tillage in the early and late years

of the orchard. - Specific remarks-1, Begin to till when the

orchard is planted, and till the entire surface- The deep root-

ing of trees-2, Tillage should be begun early in the season,

in orchards-The early growth of trees-3, Tillage should

generally be stopped in late summer or very early fall-4, Till

in such manner that the land may be in uniform fine tilth-

5, Tillage may be overdone - Too rapid growth

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154-169

CROPPING THE ORCHARD.

The open space about the tree-

The kind of crops for an orchard-Nursery stock in fruit

plantations-Sod in the orchard - Fallowing the orchard

CHAPTER IV.

THE FERTILIZING OF FRUIT LANDS

Plants will grow without fertilizers-Profit may lie in

using additional plant-food, however-Humus-Formation

of soils-Weeds.

THE LESSON OF NURSERY LANDS. Injuries to such lands-

Source of fertility in soils-Man's treatment of the land-
The features of the nursery lands-The conclusions respect-
ing the depletion of nursery lands

CHAPTER V.

COVER CROPS. What they are- Objects of their use-Ex-

periments with covers at Cornell. - The kinds of cover crops

- A local question-Rye-Corn, buckwheat and cereals - Peas

and beans-Cow pea-Vetch-Crimson Clover-Analyses

FERTILIZING THE FRUIT PLANTATION. Trees vs. annual

crops-Plant-food taken up by trees-Effects of the various

elements - New Jersey experiments in fertilizing peaches.-

Stable manure-Rotation in manures-Danger of over use

of barn manures.- Chemical fertilizers-Nitrogen-Potash-

Phosphoric acid-Recommendations by Voorhees. - Sum-

mary statement .

PAGES

THE PLANTING OF FRUIT GROUNDS

THE CHOICE OF VARIETIES. A personal question-The

mental ideal-1, Follow personal preferences-2, Obtain a
specific ideal of the purpose for which the fruit is to be
grown-3, Do not covet varieties of other geographical re-
gions-4, Choose with reference to local environment-5,
Choose with reference to inter-pollination-The mixing of
varieties Lists of self-fertile and self-sterile varieties-6,
The choice should be aided by inquiry of many persons and
accessible writings

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175-223

178-183

184-202

202-223

224-276

224-230

What is first-class stock?

THE SELECTION OF THE PLANTS.

-Age at which to buy. -Dwarfs vs. standards - The parent-
age of the stock may affect its value-Buying the trees-
Peddlers-Near-by nurseries

Contents.

THE SETTING OF THE PLANTS. When to plant-Fall vs.

spring-Stripped trees.-Distance apart - The mixing of

species, or double planting-The opinions of Van Deman.—

How to plant the stock-Preparing the land-Making the

holes-Mulching-Puddling. - Trimming the trees-The two

ideals-Illustrations of methods-Trim after planting-Trim-

ming fall-set trees

THE LAYING OUT OF THE FRUIT PLANTATION. Surveying

the land-The corn marker-Tree placers. To lay out with
the plow-Laying out with a line-Another line method-
Staking methods-Orchard plans-The hexagonal or Van
Deman plan-The alternate plan-The Wellhouse plan-
The Parker Earle plan-The Olden plan-Hale and Olden
plans for peach orchards. — The family fruit plantation..

CHAPTER VI.

THE SECONDARY AND INCIDENTAL CARE OF THE FRUIT

PLANTATION

Epitome of methods of tilling the land-May not be neces-
sary to plow when orchard is grown-Effect of breaking the
roots-The tools-Importance of saving the moisture.

THE GENERAL CARE OF THE PLANTS. Staking young

trees-Sun-scald - Bark-bound trees-Scrapiny trees - Gir-
dled trees and girdling-Pruning and heading-in – Winter
preparations-Depredations of stock and birds-Top-graft-
ing bearing trees - Thinning the fruit

MAPS AND RECORDS. Record books and plans-Labels

INJURIES BY COLD AND RAIN. Winter-killing of the wood

-Winter-killing of the fruit-buds - Injuries to the swelling

buds-Injuries to flowers and growing parts - What is an in-

jurious degree of cold? The effect of rain upon blossoms