This medal appears to denote the worship of the sun, which certainly existed at Corinth, as Pausanias there saw his altars. Macrobius says the sun was the same as Apollo, and the name Apollo is thought to be derived from the Greek PALLEIN, shooting abroad his rays. Pausanias mentions a temple dedicated to Apollo Carneus, who certainly was a radiated deity, and was probably the Carnaim of Scripture, or the male deity of which Ashtaroth Carnaim was the female.

CRETE, an island in the Mediterranean, now called Candia, lying at the entrance of the Egean sea, or Archipelago. It is one of the noblest islands in the Mediterranean, and was formerly called Hecatompolis, the island of a hundred cities; also, Macarios, or Macaronesus, the happy island, from the richness of the soil and the salubrity of the air. St. Paul sailed near this island in his voyage to Italy. Acts xxvii. 7, &c.

Crete is believed to have been originally peopled by the Caphtorim. In the time of the Greek writers, its inhabitants were in bad repute; being represented by Polybius and others, as addicted to piracy, robbery, gluttony, falsehood, and almost every crime. So thoroughly was their character established for lying, that, as we read in Homer, when Ulysses designs to deliver a falsehood, he always assumes the character of a Cretan. In common speech, the expression "to cretanise," signified to tell lies. Epimenides, one of their own poets, and also Callimachus, gives them the same character, to which St. Paul alludes in his epistle to Titus, i. 12. The bad character of the Cretans, Cappadocians, and Cilicians, gave rise to the old Greek proverb, TRIA KAPPA KAKISTA, beware of the three k's, i. e. Kappadocia, Kilicia, and Krete.

who sold it to the Venetians, A. D. 1194. Under their government it flourished greatly; but was unexpectedly attacked by the Turks, in the midst of peace. The siege lasted 24 years, being commenced in 1646, and ending in 1670; having cost the Turks 200,000 men. This island is 200 miles long, and 50 broad. Its principal city is Candia, formerly strong, rich, and populous, but now not more than the eighth part of the houses are inhabited. Such is the consequence of Turkish despotism, reducing the finest and most flourishing places to poverty and desolation.

CUSH, Cutha, or Cushan, a name applied in Scripture to the posterity of Cush, the son of Ham, and also to the country inhabited by them. The word Cush, in most versions of the Bible, has been translated Ethiopia, and as only one, or at most two countries of that name are known to us, very great confusion has been produced by that translation, with regard to a proper understanding of several passages, as far as geographical accuracy is concerned.

The family of Cush appears to have been numerous, and the establishments of his descendants to have been proportionably dispersed, not in one region only, but in several. The first country which bore this name, and which doubtless was the original settlement, was that which is described by Moses as encompassed by the river Gihon, or Gyndes; which encircles a great part of Chuzestan, in Persia. In process of time, the increasing family spread over the vast territory of India and Arabia; the whole of which tract, from the Ganges to the borders of Egypt, then became the land of Cush, or Asiatic Ethiopia. Until dispossessed of this country, or a great part of it, by the posterity of Abraham, the Ishmaelites and Midianites, they, by a further dispersion, passed over into Africa, which, in its turn, became the land of Cush or African Ethiopia, the only country called Ethiopia after the commencement of the Christian era. Even from this last refuge they were compelled, by the influx of fresh settlers from Arabia, Egypt, and Canaan, to extend their migrations still further, into the heart of the African continent, where only, in the woolly-headed negro, the genuine Cushite is to be found.

There was then a threefold land of Cush, or Ethiopia, to ach of which some of the transactions mentioned in Scripture under that name, are to be referred. We have seen where, on the authority of Moses, was the first land of Cush: that Arabia was likewise so denominated, appears from Ezekiel,

(xxix. 10.) whom God makes to say, "I will make the land of Egypt desolate, from the tower of Syene even unto the borders of Cush." Now as the tower of Syene was at its southern extremity, the border of Cush, or its opposite one, could be no other than its northern, or Arabian border. The prophet Habakkuk, (iii. 7.) also joins it with Midian, which was in Arabia. Besides the passages of Scripture already mentioned, referring to Arabian Ethiopia, may be mentioned, Numb. xii. 1. 2 Kings xix. 9. 2 Chron. xxi. 16. xiv. 9. Isa. Xxxvii. 9.

At what time the term Ethiopian was applied to the Cushite colonies in Africa, it is difficult to determine. But it appears certain that some at least of these colonies were planted by the Cuthite shepherds, who invaded Egypt from the east, and held it in subjection for the space of 260 years, immediately preceding the time of Joseph, or, according to some writers, 100 years before this time; and the remainder by a second invasion and a new dynasty, which extended to the time of the going out of the Israelites, when, or at a former expulsion, a part of the discomfited Cuthites retreated up the Nile. In 2 Chron. xii. 2, 3. it is said that Shishak, king of Egypt, came up against Jerusalem, with certain African nations, among whom are mentioned the Ethiopians; and in chap. xvi. 8. the Lubim, or Libyans, are also associated with the Ethiopians. Daniel, (xi. 43.) with the same exclusive reference to Africa, mentions the Ethiopians in conjunction with Egypt and Libya.

Herodotus relates that in the army of Xerxes, which he had prepared for the invasion of Greece, 480 years before Christ, there were both Oriental and African Ethiopians; and adds the singular fact that they resembled each other in every particular, except their hair; that of the Asiatic Ethiopians being long and straight, while the hair of those of Africa was curled. This may be accounted for on the ground of a change of climate and habits.

The curse denounced on the posterity of Ham, and which has pursued this, the most numerous branch of his family, from Persia to Arabia, and from Arabia to Africa, degenerating at each remove, is most conspicuous in their present condition. While employed in Arabia, as merchants and shepherds, or as carriers between the descendants of Shem and Japhet, some portion of civilization yet remained with them, and the distinctive marks of the family doubtless even then

existed; the dark skin and the Ethiopic physiognomy: but it required a hotter clime, and a lower grade of moral degradation, to mould that physiognomy into that of the modern African, to give the skin a deeper dye, and to add to the whole the woolly head.

# In the time of our Saviour, and from that time to the present, Ethiopia has been used, in a general sense, to comprehend the countries south of Egypt, then but imperfectly known, of one of which that Candace was queen, whose eunuch was baptized by Philip. (Acts viii. 27.) This eunuch, in the Syriac Testament, is called the Cushite. Mr. Bruce mentions a place which he found on his return from Abyssinia, called Chendi, where a tradition existed that a woman named Hendaque (which comes very near the Greek name of this queen, Chandake) once governed all this country. Near this place he found extensive ruins, denoting it to have once been a place of consequence.

Thus, from the history of the Cushites or Ethiopians, we see that they are not to be confined to either Arabia or Africa. Many parts of Scripture history cannot be understood without supposing them to have settlements in both; which Herodotus expressly asserts was the case. In fine, we may conclude, that in the times of the prophets, and during the transactions recorded in the second books of Kings and Chronicles, the Cushites, still retaining a part of their ancient possessions in Arabia, had crossed the Red Sea in great numbers, and obtained extensive possessions in Africa; where, being, in a further course of time, altogether expelled from the east by the Ishmaelites and others, their remains are now concentrated. It is to be observed, however, that the Cushites, probably at the time of their expulsion from Egypt, migrated, or sent colonies, into several other parts, particularly to Phenicia, Colchis, and Greece; where, in process of time, they became blended with the other inhabitants of those countries, the families of Javan, Meshech, and Tubal, and their distinctive character totally lost.

CUTHAH, a Chaldee name, signifying the land of Cush. "The king of Assyria brought men from Babylon, and from Cuthah, and from Ava, and from Hamath, and from Sepharvaim, and placed them in the cities of Samaria, instead of the children of Israel." (2 Kings xvii. 24.) The Cuthah here meant must be a province of the Assyrian empire, which, as some say, lies upon the Araxes, and is the same as Cush; but