A medal of Cæsarea Libanus, representing on one side the head of Alexander Severus, who was born here, in the temple of Alexander. On the reverse a tall figure of the goddess Astarte, standing in a temple, with the emperor placing a crown on her head.

2. Cæsarea Palestina was a city situated on the Mediterranean, between Dor and Joppa, 50 miles north-west of Jerusalem. It was built with great beauty and convenience by Herod the Great, 22 years before the birth of Christ, and named in honour of Augustus Cæsar. The place before was called the Tower of Straton. The harbour at this place was naturally bad; but to remedy this defect, Herod erected, at immense expense and labour, a vast mole or breakwater, built in a semicircular form, of stones 50 feet long and 18 wide, which were sunk in the water where it was 120 feet deep. Besides this, Herod added many splendid buildings of marble to the city, and fixed his residence there, thus elevating it to the rank of capital of Judea. It was to this place that St. Paul was taken, 60 years after, to Felix, who was then governor. (Acts xxiv.) Here also Agrippa was smitten by an angel of God, so that he died. (Acts xii. 21.) This was the birth-place of Eusebius, the celebrated historian, who was bishop of this city in the beginning of the fourth century. It is now a scene of desolate ruins, situated in a sandy desert. The waves wash the ruins of the mole, the towers, and port near the sea, and not a creature, except jackals and beasts of prey, resides within many miles of this silent desolation.

A nedal of Cæsarea Palestina, representing Astarte standing on an altar, holding in her right hand a human head, in her left a staff; on her head the sacred Calathus, and a sword by her side. This is within a temple, on the balustrade of which is another figure, apparently looking up at the goddess. This proves that the worship of this deity was practised here.

3. Casarea Philippi was first called Laish, or Leshem. (Judg. xviii. 7.) After it was subdued by the Danites, (verse 29.) it was called Dan, and is by heathen writers called Pa

neas. Philip, the youngest son of Herod, made it the capita. of his tetrarchy or government, enlarged and embellished it, and gave it the name of Cæsarea Philippi. It is situated at the foot of Mount Hermon, near the head of the Jordan, and is about fifty miles from Damascus and thirty from Tyre.

Our Saviour visited, taught, and healed in this place; here also he rebuked Peter. (Mark viii.) The woman whom he healed, (Matt. ix. 20.) it is said, also lived in this town.

CALAH, one of the earliest cities of Assyria. (Gen. x. 11.) It is supposed to have been situated on the river Lycus, which falls into the Tigris; as on the upper part of the Lycus, Strabo mentions a country called Calachene, which is conjectured to have received its name from this, its capital city. Dr. Wells supposes it to be the same with Halah, or Chalah, one of the cities into which Shalmaneser transplanted the people of Israel. If so, it must have been on the river Gozan, in Media, instead of the Lycus.

CALNEH, one of the cities built by Nimrod in the land of Shinar. See Part I. p. 14.

CALVARY, called in Latin Calvaria, and in Hebrew Golgotha; both names implying a skull, or the place of skulls, probably so called from its being a place of burial. This was a small eminence or hill, on the north of Mount Zion, and on the western side of Mount Moriah, said to have been 200 paces outside of the ancient walls of Jerusalem. On this Mount our Lord suffered crucifixion, a mode of punishment at that time in general use in the east. On the summit of Mount Calvary stands a large and irregular building, called the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which covers the spot where our Lord suffered, and the sepulchre in which he was laid. Here is shown the hole in the rock in which the cross was fixed; and near it the position of the crosses of the two thieves; also a cleft in the rock said to have been caused by the earthquake which happened at the crucifixion. The sepulchre is about six feet square and eight feet high, in which is a block of stone said to be that on which the body of our Lord was placed. The church which covers this spot has but one door, the keys of which are kept by the Turks, who demand an entrance fee of nine sequins (about eight dollars) from every foreign Christian.

CAMON, a city in the tribe of Manasseh, east of Jordan. Judges x. 5.

CANA, of Galilee, so called to distinguish it from Cana, or

Kanah, in the tribe of Asher, (Josh. xix. 28.) not far from Sidon, and much farther north than Cana of Galilee, which lay in the tribe of Zebulon, eight miles north of Nazareth. At this place Jesus performed his first miracle, (John ii. 12.) Dr. Clarke visited this place, and found among the ruins large stone water-pots, lying about in numbers; from the appearance of which it was evident that the practice of keeping water in large stone pots, each holding from eighteen to twentyseven gallons, was common in the country. This place is now a village, almost deserted. The church built by Helena, in the place where the marriage feast was held, is yet standing, and is now a Turkish mosque.

CANAAN, or Land of Canaan, the country so named from having been peopled by Canaan, the son of Ham. See Part I. p. 26. This country was nearly 200 miles in length, and 80 in breadth. It was bounded on the north and north-east by Syria and Lebanon; on the east by Arabia Deserta and the land of the Ammonites and Moabites; on the south-east by the country of the Midianites; south by Edom, or Idumea; south-west by Egypt; and on the west by the Mediterranean Sea.

Of the people originally inhabiting this country, and of its conquest by the Israelites, we have treated in Part I. Those of the Canaanites who remained in the country after the conquest, were generally made tributary to the Israelites; but great numbers left it, passing by the way of Egypt into northern Africa, where they built many cities, and spread themselves over vast regions, until they reached the straits of Gibraltar. St. Athanasius relates that the inhabitants of this part of Africa, in his time, reported themselves to be descended from the Canaanites; and it is agreed that the Punic or Carthaginian language, was very nearly the same with the Canaanitish. According to Procopius, in the ancient city of Tongis, in this part of Africa, were two great pillars of white stone, near a large fountain, with the following inscription in Punic characters, "We are people preserved by flight from that robber Joshua, the son of Nun, who pursued us.'

Those of the original inhabitants of Canaan, who remained after the conquest, were chiefly inhabitants of the western and north-western parts of the country, along the sea-coast, particularly about Tyre and Sidon. This was the country called by the Greeks Phenicia, whose language was the Punic; and from which colonies were brought to Thebes in

Greece, to Cilicia, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, and many other places.

For a further account of the Land of Canaan, under the dominion of the Israelites, and of its subsequent and present state, the reader is referred to the article Judea.

CANNEH, (Ezek. xxvii. 23.) thought to be the same as Calneh.

CAPERNAUM, a city on the north-western side of the sea of Galilee, near the border of the tribes of Zebulon and Naphtali. (Matt. iv. 13.) The infidelity and impenitence of the inhabitants of this place, which was honoured by the residence of our Saviour, and which consequently had repeated evidences of the truth of his mission, brought upon them a heavy denunciation. (Matt. xi. 23, 24.) This sentence of destruction has been fully realized, and the ancient city is now reduced to a state of desolation; a few ruins only remaining of that city which was once proudly "exalted unto heaven."

CAPHAR-SALAMA, a place not far west of Samaria, called afterwards Antipatris. Here a battle was fought between Judas Maccabeus and Nicanor, in which the latter was vanquished, and fled with the loss of 5000 men. 1 Macc. vii. 31.

CAPHTOR, the country of the Caphtorim, descendants of Misraim, son of Ham. See Part I. p. 26: also the article Philistines.

CAPPADOCIA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded north by Pontus; east by the Euphrates, which separated it from Armenia; south-east and south by Mount Taurus and Cilicia; and west by Galatia and Lycaonia. In early times this coun try was tributary to the Persians, as it was afterwards to the Romans, until united as a province to the empire by Tiberius Cæsar. The inhabitants of Cappadocia were anciently notorious for their wickedness; being, together with the people of Cilicia and Crete, proverbial among the Greeks for their bad character, (see Crete;) but after the introduction of Christianity among them, it produced several great and good men, among whom were Gregory Nazainzen, Gregory Nissen, St. Basil, and St. George, the martyr. This was one of the countries, to which St. Peter addressed his first epistle; and here Christianity flourished until about the ninth century; nor is it yet wholly extinct.

CARCHEMISH, a city in Mesopotamia, upon the Euphrates, belonging to the kingdom of Assyria. It was taken by Pha

raoh Necho, king of Egypt, and retaken by Nebuchadnezzar, (2 Kings xxiii. 29. 2 Chron. xxxv. 20. Jer. xlvi. 2.) and seems to have been a place of considerable strength and importance, forming a key to Assyria on its western side. Its importance may be estimated from the fact of a king of Egypt taking so long and painful a march to get possession of it. It is supposed to be the same city which was afterwards called Circesium by the Greeks and Latins, and which was situated at the junction of the Chaboras with the Euphrates. It is called at present Kirkisia.

CARMEL, a city in the southern part of the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 55.) This place is noted in the return of Saul from his expedition against the Amalekites, (1 Sam. xv. 12.) and was also the native place of Nabal, the husband of Abigail. It was called Carmelia by the Romans, who, according to Jerom, had a garrison there in his time. It is situated ten miles eastward from Hebron.

• Carmel, a celebrated mountain in the west of the Land of Canaan, situated about ten miles south of Accho or Ptolemais, forming a promontory on the opposite side of a bay. According to modern travellers, it extends six or eight miles nearly north and south, coming from the plain of Esdraelon, and ending in the promontory or cape which forms the bay of Accho. Its elevation is about 1500 feet, and its sides are covered with trees and brambles, among which are wild vines and olives, proving it to have been once cultivated.

This mountain is celebrated for the miracle wrought there by the prophet Elijah, (1 Kings xviii.) and a cave is still shown, where it is said that Elijah desired Ahab to bring Baal's false prophets, when the fire descended from heaven upon the burnt sacrifice. The historians Tacitus and Suetonius both speak of the god of Carmel, whom Vespasian went to consult when he was in Judea; and say that there was then an altar there which was venerable for its antiquity. This altar of Carmel had its origin in the altar of God which had been erected there by the ancient Hebrews, and which was repaired by Elijah. This altar the heathens afterwards held in such veneration, that they even resorted to it as an oracle.

There is now a convent of Carmelite friars on this mount, who say that their habitation is in the spot where the prophet Elijah resided.

ČARNAIM, the horns, a city of Bashan, so called from