means but not the basis of an emotion--the instrumentality, not the generative factor in the mental movement involved. Similarly the changes we observe in her personal character do not spring from will as suchwill as basic elemental force, but arise in the corresponding psychic of the volitional department in the cerebral tissues. Consequently, the mental changes observed in the psychically aberrated personality of the French lady are not due to changes in selfconsciousness per se, with its eternally changeless center of unity and egoity which persists in perfect integrity during all phases and conditions of life, but are due to changes in the sensory perception of selfhood-in the mode and manner by which the ego appreciates itself as a center of personal selfconsciousness. Whether sick or well, old or young, the individual in some form or other retains the sense of self-realization or the feeling of I am. Like the rays of the sun which in passing through different media or substances may give use to different lights and colorings, while yet retaining their undisturbed and unchanged sun-nature; so in a similar way the center of sun of individual self-consciousness-the timeless root of egoity or self-realization, remains eternally intact, while transmitting through the media of changing personalities the germs of thought, will and feeling, which, under the auspices and adjusting power of the individual mind, become developed and unified into corresponding perceptions of personal self-consciousness. Nor can we fully endorse the next statement made by Dr. Kiernan, that "insanity is a morbid mental state, proceeding from braindisorders, defect or disease." For, while we may readily admit that insanity may result from injury to the brain, as, for instance, in cases of mechanical or physiological incidents; yet what about insanity when caused by sorrow and grief, from bereavement and mental agony, which undoubtedly underlie the greater part of mental disorder? And is it not a further fact, that insanity may involve a mind under the sway of perfect physical and physiological condi tions? And, if so, would it not appear more reasonable that physical disorders, if associated with mental disorders (barring accidents) are the consequence not the cause of the latter? The difficulty at the basis of the conflicting views which separate the materialistic from the idealistic mode of thought, lies in the different appreciation of what we term mind. The materialist, like Dr. Kiernan, regards mind as a physiological output, resulting from complex biological processes under the strain of a purely physical evolution: the denomination for the sum-total of feelings, fancies, emotions, etc.; in fact, for every form or expression of energy which remains too subtle for the markings of the decimal scale and tape line. From this point of view it naturally follows that mind and mental changes can offer no real assistance to the student of psychology in his attempt to work out a truly philosophical and logical standard for the appreciation and determination of morbid mental or moral states. Yet the very phenomena exhibited by Mademoiselle Beauchamp and others, referred to by Dr. Kiernan, demonstrate, with resistless logic, the fact that mind is a determinable entity, a center or focus of varying aspects of consciousness, unfolding in terms of personal identity from primal, colorless egoity to the shifting shades or fragments of personal appreciation of selfhood. With mind we understand a mental relay-station -the switchboard, so to speak-for ensuing psychic trains of emotions, generated by the contact of the senses with the concrete phenomenal world, and through its adjusting power brought into cognizance of the normal, central self, the true dominant egɔ or soul. As the refracting media of the crystalline lens, in order to give rise to ocular vision must precipitate on the rods and cones of the retina a determinable and perspectively adjusted image of the various, ever-shifting, ever-appearing and ever-disappearing forms and expressions of concrete lineaments and groups of movements; so, the mind, in order to transmit a rational impulse to the soul is equipped with power to adjust into psychic imagery the waves of impressions ceaselessly rolling in from the sea of general sensation. It is from this chaos of impressions that the sane and normally developed mind forms a cosmos of reason to appeal to the calm judgment of the soul for the moral sanction of its motive. And it is here we find the cause to the bewildering host of psychic phenomena, cropping up in the form of spiritualistic mediums, professional psychics, convultionaries, hypochondriacs, victims of delirium tremens, and kindred morbidities on the moral and mental plane. It is the mind, overwrought by excitement or worry, that fails in its normal function to focalize on its psychic retina (for the inspection and moral appreciation of the soul), the stream of sense-impressions and imagery floating up before it a failure which gives rise to what might be called the astigmatism of moral and psychic vision-another term for the morbid and bewildered imagination of the spiritualistic medium-as manifested in the endowment of a semblance of selfhood or pseudo-identity to her uncontrolled emotions and psychic reactions. Hence the multiple or dissociate personality, while morbid when regarded as a state of evolution, is not a mere volatile phantasy, baseless and structureless, reared by the let loose emotions and ruptured feelings of the medium, but stands for the failure of her mind. to normally accommodate for the inrush of psychic representations, while unable to bring the ensuing images into orderly foci on her mental retina. Consequently, it is not the mind of the medium, which in itself gives rise to the diverse aspects, images and representations of the psychic plane (as they have a subjective reality all their own), but it is the very presence of these psychic energies-sui generis and vital-in entering a mind out of its normal power of accommodation, that impress the latter with concrete, phenomenal reality. From this it naturally follows that the "dissociation of personality," so far from being "a functional breaking up of that complex organization which constitutes a normal self," proves with logical necessity the actual and active presence of an entity or center of self-consciousness which, with the exhaustless and never lessening force of individual egoity, imparts this unmistakable, though transferable, sense of selfhood to every ensuing mood of the mind, and thus gives rise to the derivations of conscious identity, known as "double," "dissociated" or "multiple personality." The true source of self as individuality lies in the soul; while the mind constitues the mere medium or center, by and through which, the light of soul-consciousness is focalized or "personalized" on every impression passing over the avenues of perception. The breakage-point of consciousness where selfconsciousness may be reflected and deflected into mental and moral morbidities of pseudo-identity, is consequently to be traced to the mind, and to its abnormal psychic development. The criterion for a true appreciation of a phenomenon lies in finding the link by which it forms the unbroken chain of causation, by which is revealed the unity of cause back of the variety of appearance. Everything constitutionally fragmentary and isolated is untrue to nature, without purpose, destiny or survival value, and can therefore furnish no guide to fundamental principles. Hence, it follows that to keep within the border of truth the student must unequivocally reject from his system of philosophy anything which cannot be made to fit in the chain of general causation, with its determining center in unity. To be gauged by appearances of things and events leads to no knowledge of their integral or ultimate meaning and character-no more than the observation, however consummate, of the movement of a single wheel or piston in the engine-room of an ocean liner can lead to any reasonable conception of the principle involved in the ship itself, its purpose and destination. To circumscribe one's scientific researches by preconceived probabilities and isolated phenomena results in mere theorizing and false conception. Nature's plans are vastly different from the BY HUBERT RICHARDSON, M.D., Baltimore, Md., Late Pathologist to Mount Hope Retreat; Lecturer on isolated segments which the phenomenal THE TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA. world casts up for general scrutiny and discipline. In the general vicissitudes of life we meet the same characteristics that impress us in the Shaksperean dramas, where we always find the unexpected to happen. From the bottomless ocean of life flow up ever new and undreamt of aspects of existence; and the human being, in order to yield any valuable results to science must be studied at once as a whole, and as part of a whole; as appearance and as reality; as fraction and as unity. A kaleidoscope of universal consciousness, man reveals whatever light that strikes his many-facetted nature-dissociated in particulars, united in universals. From unity as cause, through the variety of action, back to unity as ideal, is the course of human destiny. "What is man?" asks Carlyle, and answers himself: "a breath, a motion, an appearance-a visionalized idea in the eternal mind." But knowledge of life comes from feeling the life; from the science of life, rather than from the life of science. THAT man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so trained in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with ease and pleasure all the work that as a mechanism it is capable of; whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all its parts of equal strength, and in smooth working order; ready, like a steam engine, to be turned to any kind of work, and spin the gossamers as well as forge the anchors of the mind; whose mind is stored with a knowledge of the great and fundamental truths of nature and of the laws of her operations; one who, no stunted ascetic, is full of life and fire, but whose passions are trained to come to heel by a vigorous will, the servant of a tender conscience; who has learned to love all beauty, whether of nature or of art, to hate all vileness, and to respect others as himself. Such an one, and no other, I conceive, has had a liberal education, for he is, as completely as a man can be, in harmony with nature. He will make the best of her, and she of him. They will get on together rarely; she as his ever-beneficent mother; he as her mouthpiece, her conscious self, her minister and interpreter.-THOMAS H. HUXLEY. THERE are several theories as to the causation of natural sleep; the older physiologists endeavored to localize the cause in a particular organ as the thyroid gland or the arachnoid plexus. Purkinje supposed that an afflux of blood to the base of the brain compressed the bundles of the corona radiata, interrupting the communication of the brain with the external world; cerebral congestion was congestion was an old theory which no doubt originated by a comparison of coma and sleep. Girondeau argued that the lymphatic spaces of the brain were filled with lymph during sleep compressing the vessels and thus reducing the circulation. Somner believed sleep was the result of reduced oxygen in the brain. Hynsius has shown that absorption is more active during sleep than in the waking state, but that the accumulation of reserve albumin is retarded, which he explains by acids arresting the diffusion and exosmosis of albumin, fatigue causing lactic acid and other products of retrogressive metamorphosis, while alkalies accelerate osmosis. Ernera, of Brussels, regards sleep as an autointoxication from the accumulation of leukomains in the blood which are retained by the cerebral centers and have a narcotic action producing sleep; the leukomains formed during activity are oxidized and eliminated during sleep; it is claimed that blood from a fatigued dog injected into a normal one will produce sleep; Bouchard holds that the urine secreted during sleep is more toxic than that secreted during the day. This theory is very attractive, but has received little experimental support; the leukomains with narcotic effect have not yet been isolated and would presumably be ideal hypnotics if admitted to the materia medica. Rabl Y. Ruckardt is responsible for the hypothesis of the neurospongium which advances the theory that the psychic processes are due to the rapid play of the ameboid protoplasmic prolongations of the nerves, sleep being produced by the neurospongium extending between these prolongations and preventing them extending over one another. Lepine and Duval advocate similar theories. Ramon y Cajal believes the neuroglia has ameboid characteristics which enable it to act as an isolator of the nervous current. In relaxation neuroglia pseudopodia extend and intervene between the cells and their protoplasmic processes and the nerve threads so that the nerve currents are intercepted. The theory generally accepted is that fatigue of the vasomotor center produces arterial dilation with consequent anemia of the brain. Professor Howell, of the Johns Hopkins, shows in his experimental work that the immediate cause of sleep is the dilation of the peripheral arteries causing a reduction in the mean arterial pressure, consequently withdrawing blood from the cortex cerebri and at the same time increasing the proportion of venous to arterial blood so that not only the blood pressure in the brain is reduced, but the bulk of arterial blood passing through the organ, thus reducing the metabolism of the brain cells. Leonard Hill is of the opinion, based on experiments, that reduction of blood pressure is not an actual factor in the condition of sleep, as he found that the mean blood pressure was the same while in the recumbent position before going to sleep as it was during deep sleep. He considers that the reduced bulk of blood passing through the brain is owing to the increased proportion of venous blood and is the actual factor which produces sleep. Both Hill and Howell agree that the vasomotor system center is the point most concerned in the production of sleep. In his experiments on sensory nerves in curarized animals, Howell has shown that the vasomotor center is capable of fatigue, and that consequently the continuous work of the center during waking hours (all our sensations and emotions cause activity of the center) must produce a condition of cell exhaustion which gradually causes dilation of the arterioles with loss of arterial tone, so that on taking the erect position from the recumbent the blood pressure falls instead of rising 10 mm. to 20 mm. Hg., showing that the power of the vasomotor system to overcome the effect of gravity has been lost. Sleep is deepest during the first two hours, and then as the center recovers the arterioles gradually contract, reducing the proportion of venous to arterial blood and increasing the bulk of blood circulating in the brain. When the arteriolar contraction and the proportion of venous to arterial blood are normal, the subject awakes. The force and rate of the heart beat is decreased by the reduced quantity of arterial blood passing through the coronary arteries; the heart remaining longer in diastole receives a greater amount of nourishment and does considerably less work, consequently recuperates during sleep. The period of sleep is therefore the result of a systemic loss and resumption of tone of the vasomotor center. Howell suggests another factor in the production of sleep, viz., the fatigue of the psychic portions of the brain, which are particularly active during the awaking state, causing them to lose their reactive power which will be further decreased on the reduction of the blood supply, when they fall more readily below the standard of consciousness. During natural sleep the eyelids are closed to exclude light and to avoid visual sensation; the eyeballs are turned upward, the voluntary muscles are relaxed so that the body is in a state of complete repose, respiration becomes slower, the amount of inspired air becomes less-so much so, according to Mosso, that it may fall to one liter instead of seven as in the waking state. Respiration also changes its character. Instead of being abdominal it becomes almost entirely thoracic or costal, the action of the diaphragm is weak ened, while inspiration is prolonged, occupying five-sixths of the respiratory period instead of four-fifths, the respiratory pause is absent and the depth is increased. The gaseous exchange is also modified, there being a decrease in the elimination of CO from 52 per cent. during the day to 42 per cent. during sleep, while there is an increase in the absorption of oxygen. The necessity of oxygen for recuperation from fatigue is well shown by the experiments. of I. Joteyko in Richet's laboratory. He found that if the isolated gastrocnemius of a dog be fatigued by being alternately tetanized for, say, five minutes, and allowed to rest for five minutes, after some time, the intensity of the stimulus remaining constant, the contraction curve begins to fall, until finally the stimulation no longer produces any contraction, and the muscle remains at rest in a slightly contracted condition. If the muscle be left to itself and kept moist for a considerable time, contractions nearly equal to those before the fatigue can be induced anew with stimulus of the same strength. One of the factors. in the recovery is the presence of oxygen. Joteyko proved that by excluding oxygen after complete fatigue, the muscle cannot again be put into activity, showing that in Urine, per hour... Organic carbon. the waking state the pulse was 140, while during sleep it was 121; from 6 to 21 months it was 128 waking and 112 during sleep. Besides the peripheral arterial dilation there is a fall in temperature of about 2°. The surface vessels begin to dilate in the evening and reach their maximum during the first hour of sleep. Martin measured the different parts of the body and found that during sleep the chest became three-fourths of an inch smaller, while after a sleepless night it was enlarged fivesixths of an inch and the abdomen half an inch, showing that during sleep there is continued loss of peripheral arteriolar tonicity. The parts usually resume their waking dimensions after six to seven hours' sleep. From the dilation of the surface vessels it follows that the sweat and sebaceous glands are more active during sleep, which may account for the peculiar odor of the sleeping-room and for the greasy, moist condition of the skin which exists on waking in the morning. There is a decreased function of the various organs of the body as well as the brain during sleep. In four cases in which the urine secreted during the sleeping and waking hours was collected separately, I found the following quantities per hour: fatigue it is absolutely necessary for the muscle to receive oxygen. During sleep the weakening and slowing of the cardiac action is marked. Berichardt found that in a child 21 days old, during Mendel and Marro claim that more phosphoric acid is eliminated during sleep, especially earthy phosphates, while alkali phosphates are increased during the waking hours owing to brain activity. The elimina |